Table 2.
Primary Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with any stage of AKI, stage 1 or 2 AKI, and stage 3 AKI
| Primary cause of AKI | AKI all (n = 153) | AKI stage 1 or 2 (n = 60) | AKI stage 3 (n = 93) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sepsis and hypoperfusion | 133 (86 · 9%) | 55 (91 · 7%) | 78 (83 · 9%) |
| GEa | 29 (19 · 0%) | 12 (20 · 0%) | 17 (18 · 3%) |
| TB | 18 (11 · 8%) | 5 (8 · 3%) | 13 (14 · 0%) |
| Heart failure | 16 (10 · 5%) | 10 (16 · 7%) | 6 (6 · 5%) |
| Malaria | 12 (7 · 8%) | 4 (6 · 7%) | 8 (8 · 6%) |
| Dehydration of other cause | 12 (7 · 8%) | 6 (10 · 0%) | 6 (6 · 5%) |
| LRTI | 10 (6 · 5%) | 6 (10 · 0%) | 4 (4 · 3%) |
| Sepsis of unclear source | 9 (5 · 9%) | 2 (3 · 3%) | 7 (7 · 5%) |
| Liver Failure | 8 (5 · 2%) | 3 (5 · 0%) | 5 (5 · 4%) |
| Meningitis | 7 (4 · 6%) | 4 (6 · 7%) | 3 (3 · 2%) |
| Sepsis of other known source | 4 (2 · 6%) | 1 (1 · 7%) | 3 (3 · 2%) |
| UTI | 1 (0 · 7%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| Other | 7 (4 · 6%) | 2 (3 · 3%) | 5 (5 · 4%) |
| Toxin (as primary cause) | 5 (3 · 3%) | 3 (5 · 0%) | 2 (2 · 1%) |
| NSAID | 4 (2 · 6%) | 3 (5 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| ACEi or ARB | 1 (0 · 7%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| Urinary tract Obstruction | 7 (4 · 6%) | 1 (1 · 6%) | 6 (6 · 5%) |
| Prostate disease | 2 (1 · 3%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 2 (2 · 2%) |
| Cervical malignancy | 1 (0 · 7%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| Bladder Malignancy | 1 (0 · 7%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| Unclear/other | 3 (2 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 7%) | 2 (2 · 2%) |
| Parenchymal Kidney disease | 4 (2 · 6%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 4 (4 · 3%) |
| Acute GN | 3 (2 · 0%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 3 (3 · 3%) |
| TIN (presumed) | 1 (0 · 7%) | 0 (0 · 0%) | 1 (1 · 1%) |
| Unclear | 4 (2 · 6%) | 1 (1 · 7%) | 3 (3 · 2%) |
AKI acute kidney injury, GE gastroenteritis, TB tuberculosis, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection (including pleural effusion), UTI urinary tract infection, NSAID non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, TDF ART tenofovir based antiretroviral therapy, GN glomerulonephritis, TIN tubulointerstitial nephritis
aincluding typhoid and non-typhoidal salmonella