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Nutrients impact multiple cell types in bones. Nutrients can modulate bone marrow stem cell function, osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity. Glucose has direct effects on osteoclast and osteoblasts, and indirect effects by increasing nutrient-related hormones such as insulin and incretin hormones. Amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA in particular) can modulate MSC function.
