Table 1. Characteristics of 206 participants according to glucose tolerance status.
| Overall | Normol | Pre-diabetes | Screen-detected Diabetes | Known Diabetes | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 206 (100) | 136 (66.0) | 39 (18.9) | 18 (8.7) | 13 (6.3) | |
| Female, n (%) | 147 (71.4) | 95 (69.8) | 29 (74.4) | 13 (72.2) | 10 (76.9) | 0.913 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 88 (42.9) | 65 (48.1) | 13 (33.3) | 4 (22.2) | 6 (46.1) | 0.103 |
| Age (years) | 52.2 (14.0) | 49.8 (14.0) | 57.1 (14.4) | 56.4 (12.2) | 56.5 (7.2) | 0.007 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 (8.1) | 28.6 (8.6) | 30.1 (7.3) | 33.6 (5.0) | 31.1 (6.4) | 0.045 |
| Waist-C, cm | 95 (15) | 93 (16) | 98 (13) | 107 (10) | 102 (13) | 0.0005 |
| Hip-C, cm | 108 (15) | 107 (16) | 109 (14) | 111 (9) | 110 (14) | 0.405 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.96 (0.07) | 0.92 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 129 (24) | 124 (23) | 136 (23) | 146 (25) | 129 (17) | 0.0005 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 84 (13) | 83 (13) | 84 (12) | 89 (13) | 87 (9) | 0.222 |
| Visceral fat, levels | 10 [7–13] | 9 [6–12] | 10.5 [8.7–13.2] | 12.5 [10.0–13.7] | 12.0 [9.7–14.0] | 0.0008 |
| Body fat, % | 42.2 [30.4–49.2] | 41.2 [27.5–48.4] | 44.3 [33.6–48.7] | 49.4 [40.1–51.4] | 45.9 [35.5–50.6] | 0.044 |
| RMR, Kcal | 1469 [1324–1625] | 1461 [1300–1601] | 1460 [1378–1623] | 1564 [1498–1622] | 1542 [1416–1708] | 0.146 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.6 (0.4) | 5.9 (0.6) | 7.3 (1.2) | 8.7 (2.5) | <0.0001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.5 (2.2) | 4.7 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.7) | 8.1 (2.6) | 10.8 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
| 2-hour glucose, mmol/L | 7.0 (3.3) | 5.4 (1.3) | 8.9 (1.4) | 14.7 (3.7) | — | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin, mIU/L | 7.6 [5.0–10.9] | 6.8 [4.2–9.5] | 9.1 [6.3–13.9] | 12.4 [8.1–20.1] | 12.4 [8.1–20.1] | <0.0001 |
| 2-hour insulin, mIU/L | 47.4 [24.7–79.4] | 35.0 [17.8–63.6] | 70.3 [48.2–112.4] | 72.7 [44.9–88.6] | — | <0.0001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.1 (0.9) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.1) | 0.027 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.010 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9) | 4.0 (1.0) | 3.7 (0.9) | 0.009 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.2 [0.9–1.7] | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] | 1.4 [0.9–1.8] | 1.7 [1.4–2.3] | 1.6 [1.2–2.5] | <0.0001 |
| U-CRP, mg/L | 4.0 [1.9–9.5] | 3.6 [1.4–9.1] | 3.9 [1.9–6.5] | 7.3 [3.8–14.7] | 8.7 [3.0–12.6] | 0.023 |
| Cotinine, ng/mL | 10 [10–279] | 10 [10–293] | 10 [10–243] | 10 [10–10] | 10 [10–269] | 0.191 |
| γGT, U/L | 31 [21–45] | 30 [20–40] | 27 [22–41] | 61 [37–82] | 31 [26–68] | 0.002 |
| AST, U/L | 22 [19–26] | 22 [19–25] | 21 [18–25] | 24 [21–32] | 22 [15–30] | 0.271 |
| ALT, U/L | 17 [13–23] | 17 [13–22] | 17 [13–21] | 28 [20–36] | 20 [13–27] | 0.002 |
| RBCx10^12/l | 4.72 [4.36–5.00] | 4.70 [4.34–5.01] | 4.60 [4.32–4.90] | 4.91 [4.58–5.26] | 4.73 [4.38–4.97] | 0.127 |
| Haematocrit, L/L | 41 [39–44] | 42 [39–44] | 41 [39–44] | 41 [39–44] | 41 [40–43] | 0.936 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.6 [12.8–14.4] | 13.6 [12.8–14.4] | 13.5 [12.7–14.2] | 13.5 [13.0–14.1] | 13.6 [13.0–14.1] | 0.930 |
| MCV, fl | 89 [85–93] | 89 [85–93] | 89 [86–94] | 84 [79–88] | 90 [85–92] | 0.019 |
| MCH, pg | 29 [28–30] | 29 [28–31] | 29 [28–31] | 28 [26–29] | 30 [29–30] | 0.024 |
| MCHC, g/dL | 33 [32–33] | 33 [32–33] | 33 [32–33] | 33 [32–33] | 33 [32–33] | 0.644 |
| RDW, % | 14.1 [13.4–14.8] | 14.0 [13.5–14.8] | 14.1 [13.3–14.8] | 14.8 [14.0–15.3] | 13.6 [13.0–13.8] | 0.022 |
| WCC x10^9/l | 7.45 [6.30–9.30] | 7.30 [6.10–9.30] | 7.70 [6.50–9.10] | 7.55 [6.87–9.05] | 7.90 [7.50–10.70] | 0.490 |
| Lymphocytes, x10^9/l | 2.20 [1.80–2.63] | 2.20 [1.80–2.65] | 2.20 [1.80–2.60] | 2.30 [1.85–2.87] | 2.30 [1.90–2.50] | 0.772 |
| Lymphocytes % | 29.7 [23.6–35.9] | 30.0 [23.3–36.5] | 28.8 [24.6–34.9] | 31.9 [25.0–36.0] | 27.4 [21.1–32.7] | 0.695 |
| Monocytes, x10^9/l | 0.50 [0.40–0.60] | 0.50 [0.40–0.60] | 0.40 [0.33–0.50] | 0.40 [0.33–0.50] | 0.50 [0.40–0.55] | 0.151 |
| Monocytes % | 6.0 [5.1–7.4] | 6.4 [5.4–7.7] | 5.4 [4.9–6.5] | 5.1 [4.4–5.9] | 6.0 [5.1–6.9] | 0.001 |
| Neutrophils, x10^9/l | 4.60 [3.60–5.80] | 4.30 [3.30–5.67] | 4.80 [3.82–6.12] | 4.90 [4.00–5.67] | 4.90 [4.00–5.67] | 0.257 |
| Neutrophils % | 60.5 [54.7–66.6] | 59.8 [52.9–66.4] | 63.1 [56.2–66.5] | 59.4 [56.0–67.5] | 62.7 [60.0–71.4] | 0.189 |
| Basophils, x10^9/l | 0.01 [0.01–0.02] | 0.01 [0.01–0.01] | 0.01 [0.01–0.01] | 0.01 [0.01–0.01] | 0.01 [0.01–0.04] | 0.356 |
| Basophils % | 0.4 [0.3–0.6] | 0.5 [0.3–0.6] | 0.4 [0.3–0.5] | 0.4 [0.3–0.5] | 0.3 [0.3–0.7] | 0.224 |
| Eosinophils, x10^9/l | 0.13 [0.10–0.20] | 0.19 [0.10–0.30] | 0.10 [0.10–0.20] | 0.14 [0.10–0.20] | 0.10 [0.10–0.20] | 0.096 |
| Eosinophil % | 1.0 [1.1–3.1] | 2.2 [1.4–3.4] | 1.7 [1.0–2.4] | 2.0 [1.1–2.5] | 1.1 [0.8–2.2] | 0.023 |
| Platelets, x10^9/l | 270.0 [225.0–315.5] | 271.0 [226.0–318.2] | 278.0 [237.7–322.5] | 251.0 [236.2–288.7] | 2230 [200.0–318.0] | 0.527 |
γGT, γ-Glutamyltransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; BMI, Body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; Hip-C, Hip circumference; MCH, mean cell haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCV, mean cell volume; RBC, Red cell count; RDW, Red cell distribution width; RMR, Resting metabolic rate; TC, Total cholesterol U-CRP, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein; Waist-C, Waist circumference; WCC, White cell count.