Table 3.
The comparison of the proposed electrochemical nanobiosensor specifications with selected recently published electrochemical biosensors for the detection of miRNA.a
| method | electrode/modification | target miRNA | brief biosensing strategy | linear range/detection limit | real sample analysis/related disease | ref |
| Amp | GE/ 3D tetrahedral scaffold probe | miR-122b | HCR-amplified hybridization signal and HRP-based signal generation | 10 aM to 1 pM/10 aM | NA/NS | [48] |
| GE/ CP | miR-21 | combination of DSN with signal amplification of ALP and redox cycling reaction | NA/0.2 fM | NA/NS | [49] | |
| SPdCE | miR-21, miR-205 |
chitin-MB* baring p19 as CP/ HRP | 2–10 nM/0.6 nM | total RNA extracted from cancer cell lines and tumor tissues/breast cancer | [50] | |
| SWV | GE/PNA CP | let-7c | RuO2-initiated polymerization of aniline and miRNA-templated deposition of polyaniline | 5 fM to 2 pM/2 fM | total RNA extracted from cultured cells /Lung cancer | [51] |
| EIS | GE/PNA CP | let-7b | hybridized miRNA-guided deposition of polyaniline | 1 fM-5 pM/ 0.5 fM |
RNA samples extracted from cancer cells and blood/NS | [52] |
| GE/CP | let-7c | polymerization of DB in presence of DNAzyme and miRNA-templated deposition of PDB | 5 fM to 1 pM/2 fM | total RNA extracted from cultured cells/lung cancer | [53] | |
| GE/hairpin probe | miR-26a | multiple-DNAzyme strategy/GNP tags/hemin | 30 aM to 10 fM/15 aM | NA/NS | [33] | |
| CV | GCE/nafion + thionine + Pd NPs + CP | miR-155 | change of the amperometric response before and after the CP:target miRNA hybridization | 5.6 pM to 56 µM/1.87 pM | spiked human serum samples/NS | [54] |
| GE/CP | miR-499 | intercalation of MB in miRNA:CP hybrid/HRP | 1 pM to 100 nM/0.3 pM | spiked human serum samples/AMI | [55] | |
| DPV | SPGE/stem-loop CP | miR-21 | double axillary probes/RuHex | 100 aM to 100 pM/100 aM | human serum samples/breast cancer | [56] |
| GCE/ GO + GNR + CP | miR-155 | intercalation of OB in miRNA:CP hybrid | 2 fM to 8 pM/0.6 fM | spiked human plasma samples/breast cancer | [21] | |
| GCE/ MWCNT + CP | miR-21 | intercalation of MB in miRNA:CP hybrid | 0.1–500 pM/84.3 fM | NA/breast cancer | [30] | |
| GE/gold NP + ferrocene-tagged DNA of stem-loop structure combined with tetrahedron DNA nanostructure | miR-21 | 3D DNA origami structure | 100 pM to 1 µM/10 pM | cell lysate/lung cancer | [57] | |
| SPCE/streptavidin + biotinylated CP | miR-106a | double-probe sandwich construction containing gold–magnetic NPs | 1 fM to 1 nM/0.3 fM | human serum samples/gastric cancer | this work | |
aALP: alkaline phosphatase, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, Amp: amperometry, CP: capture probe, CV: cyclic voltammetry, DB: 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, DSN: duplex-specific nuclease, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, GCE: glassy carbon electrode, GE: gold electrode, GNP: gold nanoparticle, GNR: gold nanorod, GO: graphene oxide, HCR: hybridization chain reaction, HRP: horseradish peroxidase, MB: methylene blue, MB*: magnetic bead, MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotube, OB: oracet blue, NA: not analyzed, NP: nanoparticle, NS: not specified, PDB: poly(3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine), PNA: peptide nucleic acid, RuHex: hexaamineruthenium(III) chloride, SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode, SPGE: screen-printed gold electrode, SPdCE: dual screen-printed carbon electrode, SWV: squarewave voltammetry.