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The discussed molecular species (a) PTCDA, (b) metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc), in which the central hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a metal atom, e.g., Cu, Co, Fe, giving rise to CuPc, CoPc, FePc, respectively, (c) porphyrin, in which the central hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a metal atom giving rise to metal porphyrins; R stands for different ligands.
