Table 2.
Rural household and child characteristics in relation to nonnative cattle ownership
| Children | Children | Children | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 to < 2 years | 2 to < 5 years | 0 to < 5 years | ||||
| Nonnative cattle owner | Nonnative cattle owner | Nonnative cattle owner | ||||
| Yes (N = 14) | No (N = 709) | Yes (N = 28) | No (N = 890) | Yes (N = 42) | No (N = 1,599) | |
| Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | |
| n | n | n | n | n | n | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Mean HAZ | 0.2 (0.6)* | −1.1 (0.1) | −1.2 (0.3)* | −1.9 (0.1) | −0.8 (0.30)* | −1.5 (0.05) |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Stunted (%)† | 6.0 | 28.0 | 23.8 | 42.7 | 18.5* | 36.0 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Other animal ownership‡ | ||||||
| Native cattle (%) | 21.9 | 25.1 | 41.6 | 26.5 | 35.7 | 25.8 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Goats (%) | 77.0* | 46.0 | 60.8 | 48.0 | 65.7 | 46.8 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Sheep (%) | 17.7 | 10.0 | 30.1* | 11.0 | 26.4* | 10.6 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Chickens (%) | 75.1 | 60.0 | 66.0 | 60.9 | 68.7 | 60.5 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Pigs (%) | 10.4 | 19.8 | 36.2 | 19.4 | 28.5 | 19.5 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Child nutrition | ||||||
| Adequate infant and young child feeding practices (%) | 0.0 | 11.0 | No data | No data | 0.0 | 11.0 |
| 13 | 694 | 13 | 694 | |||
| Adequate Dietary diversity (%)§ | 70.8** | 27.2 | 64.1*** | 18.1 | 67.5*** | 22.9 |
| 11 | 537 | 8 | 480 | 19 | 1,017 | |
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Median asset score (25th–75th percentile) | 2.0 (0.4 to 3.9)* | −0.2 (−0.9 to 1.1) | 2.4 (0.3 to 3.2)*** | −0.24 (−1.0 to 1.1) | 2.4 (0.26 to 3.2)*** | −0.2 (−0.9 to 1.1) |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Improved water (%) | 62.6 | 70.5 | 60.5 | 67.9 | 61.1 | 69.1 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,599 | |
| Improved sanitation (%) | 40.9* | 14.6 | 40.2* | 16.1 | 40.4 | 15.4 |
| 14 | 708 | 28 | 890 | 42 | 1,598 | |
| Handwashing station with soap and water (%) | 6.4 | 6.2 | 12.9 | 7.4 | 10.9 | 6.9 |
| 14 | 709 | 28 | 889 | 42 | 1,598 | |
HAZ = height-for-age z score. Characteristics reported are survey-corrected %, survey-corrected mean (standard error), or survey-corrected median (25th–75th percentile). Bold text indicates a statistically significant difference between households that owned nonnative cattle and households that did not own nonnative cattle.
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01,
***
P < 0.001.
†
HAZ < −2 standard deviations from World Health Organization reference standard.
‡
Indicators of household possession (% owns).
§
Measured on children ≥ 6 months of age.