Table 2.
Explanatory variables for the presence of any Eimeria with count, number and percentage of positives (Positive), Odds ratio (OR), 95% Confidence interval (95% CI) and P value of Wald’s test for the univariate association with positive status. CB = indigenous/non-indigenous crossbred. *not used in MCA. NA refers to variables for which there was insufficient data to conduct the analysis. OR of 1 indicates the category used as the base line for comparison within this variable.
| Variables | Northern India |
Southern India |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category (n) | Positive (%) | OR | 95% CI | P | Category (n) | Positive (%) | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age group of birds | Young (n = 74) | 66 (89.2) | 6.08 | (2.22−16.65) | <0.001 | Young (n = 64) | 47 (73.4) | 0.84 | (0.39,1.82) | 0.658 |
| Adult (n = 33) | 19 (57.6) | 1 | – | – | Adult (n = 69) | 55 (76.4) | 1 | – | – | |
| Breed category of birds | Indigenous (n = 23) | 13 (56.5) | 1 | – | – | Indigenous (n = 35) | 29 (83) | 1.4 | (0.5,3.96) | 0.522 |
| Indigenous CBs (n = 8) | 4 (50) | 5 | (0.15,3.86) | 0.75 | Indigenous CBs (n = 27) | 16 (59.3) | 0.41 | (0.16,1.05) | 0.064 | |
| Non-indigenous (n = 60) | 52 (86.7) | 10.77 | (1.65,15.18) | 0.005 | Non-indigenous (n = 71) | 57 (78) | 1 | – | – | |
| Size of the flock | ≤450 (n = 28) | 16 (57.1) | 0.39 | (0.11,1.36) | 0.141 | ≤300 (n = 35) | 29 (82.9) | 1 | – | – |
| 451–1100 (n = 25) | 24 (96) | 7.06 | (0.76,65.95) | 0.087 | 301–2000 (n = 40) | 31 (77.5) | 0.71 | (0.23,2.25) | 0.564 | |
| 1101–4000 (n = 31) | 27 (87.1) | 1.99 | (0.47,8.45) | 0.353 | 2001–3125 (n = 26) | 19 (70.4) | 0.49 | (0.15,1.64) | 0.248 | |
| >4000 (n = 22) | 17 (77.3) | 1 | – | – | >3125 (n = 33) | 24 (68.6) | 0.45 | (0.15,1.4) | 0.169 | |
| Type of litter material | Natural (n = 92) | 77 (83.7) | 3.84 | (1.31,11.26) | 0.014 | Natural (n = 124) | 98 (78.4) | 2.9 | (0.73,11.57) | 0.131 |
| Artificial (n = 15) | 8 (53.3) | 1 | – | – | Artificial (n = 9) | 5 (55.6) | 1 | – | – | |
| Type of feed given* | Scavenging/Household waste (n = 24) | 12 (50) | 0.14 | (0.05,0.39) | <0.001 | Scavenging (n = 18) | 15 (83.3) | 1.96 | (0.53,7.28) | 0.315 |
| Manufactured feed (n = 83) | 73 (87.9) | 1 | – | – | Manufactured feed (n = 109) | 78 (71.5) | 1 | – | – | |
| Fly infestation | Yes (n = 21) | 18 (85.7) | 1.7 | (0.45,6.4) | 0.431 | NA | ||||
| No (n = 86) | 67 (78) | 1 | – | – | ||||||
| Access to faeces (no wire floor) | Yes (n = 80) | 66 (82.5) | 1.98 | (0.72,5.44) | 0.182 | Yes (n = −122) | 97 (78.9) | 4.97 | (1.59,15.61) | 0.006 |
| No (n = 27) | 19 (70.4) | 1 | – | – | No (n = 11) | 6 (42.9) | 1 | – | – | |
| Access to public* | Yes (n = 27) | 15 (55.6) | 0.18 | (0.07,0.49) | <0.001 | Yes (n = 74) | 57 (24) | 1.33 | (0.58,3.07) | 0.506 |
| No (n = 80) | 70 (87.5) | 1 | – | – | No (n = 41) | 31 (70.5) | 1 | – | – | |
| Distance to closest farm | 100-2000metres (n = 68) | 55 (81) | 1 | – | – | No other local unit (n = 35) | 32 (74.4) | 1 | – | – |
| Up to 100 m (n = 28) | 21 (75) | 0.71 | (0.25,2.02) | 0.52 | Up to 100 m (n = 42) | 38 (91.4) | 0.27 | (0.07,1.07) | 0.063 | |
| No other local unit (n = 11) | 9 (82) | 1.06 | (0.2,5.52) | 0.941 | 100-2000metres (n = 56) | 32 (65.4) | 0.18 | (0.05,0.65) | 0.009 | |
| Flock purpose | Broiler (n = 61) | 59 (95.2) | 1 | – | – | Breeder (n = 30) | 25 (83.3) | 1 | – | – |
| Layer (n = 22) | 14 (63.6) | 0.09 | (0.02,0.38) | 0.001 | Broiler (n = 75) | 61 (71.3) | 0.89 | (0.29,2.72) | 0.832 | |
| Multi-purpose (n = 21) | 11 (47.6) | 0.05 | (0.01,0.2) | <0.001 | Layer (n = 28) | 16 (75) | 0.21 | (0.06,0.7) | 0.011 | |
| Type of unit* | Completely enclosed (n = 59) | 49 (83.5) | 1 | – | – | Completely enclosed (n = 115) | 88 (74) | 0.61 | (0.16,2.26) | 0.458 |
| Free range (n = 28) | 17 (60.7) | 0.32 | (0.11,0.87) | 0.026 | Free range (n = 17) | 14 (82.4) | 1 | – | – | |
| Open sided, roofed (n = 19) | 19 (100) | 1 | – | – | ||||||
| Waste management* | Removed (n = (91) | 78 (85.7) | 7.71 | (2.44,24.34) | <0.001 | Removed (n = 51) | 39 (72.2) | 0.85 | (0.39,1.88) | 0.69 |
| Never removed (n = 16) | 7 (43.8) | 1 | – | – | Never removed (n = 76) | 57 (75) | 1 | – | – | |
| Frequency of waste removal | ≤30 days (n = 55) | 49 (89) | 1 | – | – | NA | ||||
| 30–60 days (n = 14) | 12(85.7) | 0.75 | (0.13,4.19) | 0.596 | ||||||
| ≥60 days (n = 37) | 23(62.1) | 0.67 | (0.15,2.98) | 0.743 | ||||||
| Farm entrance disinfected | Yes (n = 67) | 58 (67.5) | 3.1 | (1.18,8.14) | 0.021 | Yes (n = 55) | 42 (75) | 0.98 | (0.45,2.16) | 0.967 |
| No (n = 40) | 27 (86.5) | 1 | – | – | No (n = 78) | 61 (75.4) | 1 | – | – | |
| Coccidiostat given | Yes (n = 57) | 49 (86) | 2.38 | – | – | NA | ||||
| No (n = 50) | 36 (72) | 1 | (0.9,6.28) | 0.079 | ||||||
| Vaccination against coccidiosis | NA | Yes (n = 16) | 15 (93.8) | 5.62 | (0.71,44.28) | 0.101 | ||||
| No (n = 117) | 88 (72.7) | 1 | – | – | ||||||