Table 3.
Characteristics of poultry farms belonging to clusters identified by hierarchical cluster analysis of 107 farms in northern India (N) and 133 farms in southern India (S). CB = indigenous/non-indigenous crossbred. Clusters, primarily representing large scale broiler farms (= broiler), large scale layer farms (layer) and small scale & backyard farms (indigenous).
| Variables | Northern India |
Southern India |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category (n) | Broiler-N (n = 60) | Layer-N (n = 22) | Indigenous-N (n = 25) | Category (n) | Broiler-S (n = 85) | Layer-S (n = 9) | Indigenous-S (n = 39) | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | |||
| Age group of birds | Young (n = 74) | 57 (77) | 6 (8.1) | 11 (14.9) | Young (n = 64) | 60 (94) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) |
| Adult (n = 33) | 3 (9.1) | 16 (48.5) | 14 (42.4) | Adult (n = 69) | 25 (36.2) | 9 (13) | 35 (51) | |
| Breed category of birds | Indigenous (n = 23) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.4) | 22 (95.6) | Indigenous (n = 35) | 4 (11.4) | 1 (2.8) | 30 (86) |
| Indigenous CBs (n = 8) | 0 (0) | 8 (100) | 0 (0) | Indigenous CBs (n = 27) | 16 (59.3) | 4 (14.8) | 7 (25.9) | |
| Non-indigenous (n = 60) | 51 (85) | 7 (11.7) | 2 (3.3) | Non-indigenous (n = 71) | 65 (83.5) | 4 (9.5) | 2 (6.8) | |
| Size of the flock | ≤450 (n = 28) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 24 (85.7) | ≤300 (n = 34) | 1 (3) | 0(0) | 33 (97) |
| 451–1100 (n = 25) | 24 (96) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 301–2000 (n = 40) | 29 (72.5) | 5 (12.5) | 6 (15) | |
| 1101–4000 (n = 31) | 27 (87.1) | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | 2001–3125 (n = 26) | 25 (96) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | |
| >4000 (n = 22) | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | 0 (0) | >3125 (n = 33) | 30 (91) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | |
| Type of litter material | Natural (n = 98) | 60 (68.2) | 3 (3.4) | 25 (28.4) | Natural sources (n = 124) | 85 (68.5) | 0 (0) | 39 (31.5) |
| Artificial (n = 19) | 0 (0) | 19 (100) | 0 (0) | Artificial materials (n = 9) | 0 (0) | 9 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| Type of feed given | Scavenging/Household waste (n = 24) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | Scavenging (n = 18) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (100) |
| Manufactured feed (n = 83) | 60 (72.3) | 22 (26.5) | 1 (1.2) | Manufactured feed (n = 99) | 69 (69.7) | 9 (9) | 21 (21.3) | |
| Fly infestation | Yes (n = 21) | 5 (23.8) | 9 (42.9) | 7 (33.3) | Yes (n = 1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) |
| No (n = 86) | 55 (64) | 13 (15) | 18 (21) | No (n = 132) | 85 (64.4) | 9 (6.8) | 38 (28.8) | |
| Access to faeces (no wire floor) | Yes (n = 80) | 56 (70) | 0 (0) | 24 (30) | Yes (n = −122) | 85 (69.7) | 0 (0) | 37 (30.3) |
| No (n = 27) | 4 (14.8) | 22 (81.5) | 1 (3.7) | No (n = 11) | 0 (0) | 9 (82) | 2 (18) | |
| Access to public | Yes (n = 27) | 8 (29.6) | 0 (0) | 19 (70.4) | Yes (n = 74) | 38 (51.3) | 5 (6.7) | 31 (42) |
| No (n = 80) | 52 (65) | 22 (27.5) | 6 (7.5) | No (n = 41) | 29 (70.3) | 4 (9.7) | 8 (19.5) | |
| Distance to closest farm | 100-2000metres (n = 68) | 43 (63.2 | 18 (26.5) | 7 (10.3) | 100-2000metres (n = 56) | 37 (66) | 8 (14.4) | 11 (19.6) |
| Up to 100 m (n = 28) | 12 (42.9) | 0 (0) | 16 (57.1) | Up to 100 m (n = 42) | 17 (40.5) | 0 (0) | 25 (59.5) | |
| No other local unit (n = 11) | 5 (45.5) | 4 (36.4) | 2 (18.2) | No other local unit (n = 35) | 31 (88.6) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (8.6) | |
| Flock purpose | Broiler (n = 61) | 57 (92) | 0 (0) | 5 (8) | Breeder (n = 30) | 29 (96.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) |
| Layer (n = 22) | 2 (9.1) | 20 (91) | 0 (0) | Broiler (n = 75) | 49 (65.3) | 0 (0) | 26 (34.7) | |
| Multi-purpose (n = 21) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 19 (90.5) | Layer (n = 28) | 7 (25) | 9 (32) | 12 (43) | |
| Type of unit | Completely enclosed (n = 59) | 42 (71.2) | 16 (27) | 1 (1.7) | Completely enclosed (n = 115) | 84 (73) | 9 (7.8) | 22 (19.2) |
| Free range (n = 28) | 3 (10.7) | 2 (7.1) | 23 (82) | Free range (n = 17) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 17 (100) | |
| Open sided, roofed (n = 19) | 15 (79) | 3 (15.8) | 1(5.2) | |||||
| Removal of waste | Removed (n = 91) | 60 (66) | 22 (24.2) | 9 (9.8) | Removed (n = 51) | 42 (82.3) | 0 (0) | 9 (17.6) |
| Never removed (n = 16) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 16 (100) | Never removed (n = 76) | 41 (54) | 9 (12) | 26 (34) | |
| Frequency of waste removal | ≤30 days (n = 55) | 41 (74.5) | 8 (14.5) | 6 (10.9) | NA | |||
| 30–60 days (n = 14) | 10 (71.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0) | |||||
| ≥60 days (n = 38) | 9 (23.7) | 10 (26.3) | 19 (50) | |||||
| Farm entrance disinfected | Yes (n = 67) | 48 (71.6) | 19 (28.4) | 0 (0) | Yes (n = 55) | 50 (91) | 4 (7.2) | 1 (1.8) |
| No (n = 40) | 12 (30) | 3 (7.5) | 25 (62.5) | No (n = 78) | 35 (44.8) | 5 (6.5) | 38 (48.7) | |
| Coccidiostat given | Yes (n = 57) | 41 (72) | 15 (26.3) | 1 (1.7) | NA | |||
| No (n = 50) | 19 (38) | 7 (14) | 24 (48) | |||||
| Vaccination against coccidiosis | NA | Yes (n = 16) | 13 (81.3) | 0(0) | 3 (18.7) | |||
| No (n = 117) | 72 (61.5) | 9 (7.7) | 36 (30.8) | |||||