Table 1.
Table of Study Details
| FIRST AUTHOR, YEAR | COUNTRY | DISEASE CATEGORY/DISEASE STATE | STUDY DESIGN/STUDY DURATION | SAMPLE SIZE (N) | AGE GROUPS (YEARS) | TECHNOLOGY CATEGORY/DEVICE INFORMATION | RESULTS | FEEDBACK LOOP/END USER | FUNDING BODY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allard, 2014 | France | Neurological/Dementia | Cohort/September 2007 to March 2009 | 60 | ≥65 | Smartphones, PDAs/Mobile assessments of daily life experiences | Positive | Physician | Government |
| Allen, 2013 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/24 weeks | 68 | ≥20 | Smartphones, PDAs/Weight loss application | Positive | Physician and self/Patient | Academic |
| Anton, 2012 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/104 weeks | 671 | ≥20 | Computerized system/Web-based computerized tracking | Positive | Counselors | Government |
| Barnett, 2011 | United States | Substance abuse/Alcohol abuse | Observational/3 weeks | 13 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Alcohol monitoring bracelet | Positive | Physician | NR |
| Bombardini, 2009 | Italy | Cardiovascular/Various | Cohort/One session | 172 | ≥20 | Wearable device/Accelerometer | Positive | Physician | Academic |
| Carr, 2013 | United States | Weight management/Obesity, overweight, and sedentary | RCT/12 weeks | 40 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Activity monitor; pedal machine; motivational Web site; pedometer | Positive | Self/Patient | Academic |
| Chau, 2012 | China | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/8 weeks | 40 | ≥65 | Multiple components/A telecare device kit to monitor oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and respiration rate to transmit data to an online network | Neutral | Nurse and Physician | NR |
| Dansky, 2008 | United States | Cardiovascular/Heart failure | RCT/120 days | 284 | ≥65 | Multiple components/Telehomecare system through a standard modem, linking a central station to remote units in homes or other settings | Positive | Nurse | Nonprofit foundation |
| De San Miguel, 2013 | Australia | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/24 weeks | 71 | ≥20 | Multiple components/HealthHUB (Docobo Ltd., Bookham, Surrey, United Kingdom). Patients measured vital signs and these were transmitted automatically through telephone to a secure Web site | Neutral | Nurse | Government |
| Dellaca, 2011 | Spain | Sleep disorders/Sleep apnea | Observational study/One night | 20 | 40–64 | Wearable/Telemetric unit connected to CPAP | Positive | Sleep technician | Government |
| DeVito Dabbs, 2009 | United States | Respiratory/Lung transplant | RCT/8 weeks | 30 | 40–64 | Smartphones, PDAs/Health tracking application | Positive | Physician | NR |
| Dinesen, 2012 | Denmark | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/16 weeks | 111 | ≥20 | Biosensor/Spirometry | Positive | Physician and Nurse | NR |
| Dirienzo, 2007 | United States | Neurological/Cerebral palsy | Cohort/10 weekly 20-min riding sessions | 8 | <20 | Wearable device/Pulse rate sensor and transmitter | Neutral | NR | NR |
| Dorsch, 2015 | International | Neurological/Stroke rehabilitation | RCT/15 months | 125 | ≥20 | Wearable device/Three sets of triaxial accelerometers | Neutral | Physician | Government |
| Faurholt-Jepsen, 2015 (Journal of Affective Disorders) | Denmark | Psychological/Bipolar type 1 or 2 | RCT/310 days | 33 | 21–39 | Smartphones, PDAs/Android smartphone with the MONARCA system installed and instructed to use the system for daily electronic self-monitoring | Neutral | Self/Patient | Nonprofit foundation |
| Faurholt-Jepsen, 2015 (Bipolar Disorders) | Denmark | Psychological/Bipolar type 1 or 2 | RCT/6 months | 91 | ≥20 | Smartphones, PDAs/Android smartphone with the MONARCA system installed and instructed to use the system for daily electronic self-monitoring | Neutral | Researcher | Nonprofit foundation |
| Fox, 2012 | Canada | Sleep disorders/Obstructive sleep apnea | RCT/3 months | 75 | ≥20 | Wearable device/CPAP device with modem | Positive | Researcher | Industry |
| Franc, 2014 | France | Metabolic disorders/Type 1 diabetes | RCT/6 months | 113 | ≥20 | Smartphone, PDAs/Software uploaded into the smartphone | Positive | Medical staff, caregiver | Industry |
| Fukuoka, 2015 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Weight management | RCT/5 months | 61 | 40–64 | Smartphones/PDAs/Mobile phone-based program | Positive | Self/Patient | Government and academic |
| Green, 2008 | United States | Cardiovascular/Hypertension | RCT/12 months | 730 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Patient Web services, home BP monitoring, and pharmacist-assisted care | Positive | Pharmacist | Government |
| Greene, 2013 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/6 months | 349 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Online social network; accelerometer; scale | Positive | Self/Patient and online social network | Private sector |
| Guihot, 2007 | France | Respiratory/Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications | Observational/Median 17 months (4–41) follow-up | 37 | ≥20 | Biosensor device/Spirometer | Positive | Physician | NR |
| Hoefman, 2007 | Netherlands | Cardiovascular/Arrhythmia | Observational/30 days | 127 | ≥20 | Biosensor/Loop recorder, ECG | Neutral | Cardiologist | NR |
| Jan, 2007 | Taiwan | Respiratory/Allergies, asthma | RCT/12 weeks | 164 | <20 | Multiple components/Electronic peak flow meter and Web site | Positive | Physician | Government |
| Jehn, 2013 | Germany | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/9 months | 62 | >20 | Multiple components/Mobile medical assistant; spirometer; measuring wheel; accelerometer | Positive | Nurse | Government |
| Jurgens, 2012 | Germany | Other/Primary open-angle glaucoma | Observational/6 months | 70 | ≥20 | Multiple components/A self-tonometer and BP oscillometric device | Neutral | Ophthalmologist (other) | Government |
| Kearney, 2009 | United Kingdom | Cancer/Chemotherapy-related toxicity | RCT/12–16 weeks | 112 | 40–64 | Smartphones/PDAs/ASyMS© mobile phone group completed a symptom questionnaire to measure the incidence, severity, and distress associated with each symptom | Neutral | Physician | Academic |
| Koff, 2009 | United States | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/12 weeks | 40 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Health monitoring system; pulse oximeter; FEV1 monitor; pedometer | Positive | A registered respiratory therapist | Academic |
| Lee, 2013 | Korea | Cardiovascular/Acute coronary syndrome | RCT/12 weeks | 55 | 40–64 | Wearable device/Wireless monitoring to check heart rates by electrocardiography | Positive | Researcher | Industry and Government |
| Logan, 2007 | Canada | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes, Hypertension | Cohort/16 weeks | 31 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Commercially available Bluetooth-enabled BP monitoring device | Positive | Physician | Government |
| Logan, 2012 | Canada | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes | RCT/1 year | 110 | >20 | Multiple components/Commercially available Bluetooth-enabled BP monitoring device | Positive | Physician | Nonprofit foundation |
| Luley, 2014 | Germany | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Weight management | RCT/6 months | 70 | 40–64 | Multiple components/Health monitoring system, including weighing scales and accelerometer | Positive | Self/Patient | NR |
| Mehring, 2013 | Germany | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/12 weeks | 186 | 40–64 | Computerized system/Web site program for individual coaching | Positive | Physician or Nurse | Private Sector |
| Mendelson, 2014 | France | Sleep disorders/Obstructive sleep apnea | RCT/16 weeks | 107 | ≥20 | Multiple components/CPAP and smartphone to transmit clinical information | Positive | Physician | Private Sector |
| Minassian, 2010 | United States | Psychological/Bipolar type 1 or 2, schizophrenia | Observational/Three 5-min epochs | 28 | 21–39 | Wearable device/Upper body garment ECG | Neutral | NR | Government; Nonprofit organization |
| Nollen, 2014 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/12 weeks | 51 | <20 | Smartphones, PDAs/Handheld computer program | Neutral | Self/Patient | Government |
| Olson, 2007 | United States | Cardiovascular/Palpitations, presyncope, syncope | Observational/July 2003 to August 2004 | 122 | 40–64 | Biosensors/Sensor records two ECG channels with a separate monitoring device | Positive | Physician | NR |
| Palmas, 2008 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes | Cohort/mean follow-up time 32.1 ± 8.4 months | 392 | ≥65 | Wearable devices/Oscillometric device | Neutral | Physician | Government |
| Pedone, 2015 | Italy | Cardiovascular/Heart failure | RCT/6 months | 96 | ≥65 | Multiple components/Sphygmomanometer, a scale: pulse oximeter | Positive | Physician | NR |
| Pedone, 2013 | Italy | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/9 months | 99 | ≥65 | Multiple components/Telemonitoring system: wearable device, pulse-oximeter, cellular telephone | Positive | Physician | Government |
| Piga, 2014 | Italy | Other/Systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis | RCT/12 weeks | 40 | 40–64 | Biosensor/Portable briefcase includes sensor tools | Positive | Physician | Government |
| Rasmussen, 2005 | Denmark | Respiratory/Asthma | RCT/6 months | 300 | ≥20 | Computerized system/Internet-based asthma management tool | Positive | Physician | Academic, Industry, and Private |
| Rogers, 2014 | United States | Psychological/Trichotillomania | RCT/10 weeks | 60 | ≥20 | Computerized system/Patient Web site | Positive | Self/Patient | Government |
| Ryan, 2012 | United Kingdom | Respiratory/Asthma | RCT/6 months | 288 | ≥20 | Smartphones/PDAs/Asthma phone application | Neutral | Nurse | Nonprofit organization |
| Salarian, 2007 | Switzerland | Neurological/Parkinson's disease | Case-control/∼4–5 min | 20 | ≥20 | Wearable device/Biaxial accelerometer, gyroscope, data logger | Positive | Not defined | Nonprofit foundation |
| Scalvini, 2005 | Italy | Cardiovascular/Palpitations | RCT/7 days (or two recordings) | 310 | 40–64 | Multiple components/One-lead ECG trace sent it to telemedicine center | Positive | Nurse or cardiologist | NR |
| Shane-McWhorter, 2014 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes, hypertension | Observational/Average duration 7 months | 109 | 40–64 | Multiple components/One of two telemonitoring delivery methods: touch-screen or an IVR system both included BP monitor heart rate monitoring and patients were provided a digital scale | Positive | Pharmacist, Healthcare educators | Government |
| Shany, 2010 | Australia | Respiratory/COPD | RCT/12 months | 80 | ≥20 | Multiple components/A home monitor comprising a fixed portal, which was used to record daily physiological parameters as well as enter weight, body temperature, and blood glucose levels (if diabetic) | Neutral | Nurse | NR |
| Spring, 2013 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/12 months | 69 | ≥20 | Smartphones/PDAs/PDA to record food intake, weight, and physical activity | Positive | A behavioral coach (Counselor) | Government |
| Stone, 2010 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes | RCT/3 months | 150 | ≥20 | Biosensor/Home telemonitoring device with monitoring of blood glucose, blood pressure, and weight | Positive | Nurse | Government |
| Su, 2014 | Taiwan | Neurological/Parkinson's disease | Case series/One session | 5 | ≥65 | Wearable device/Triaxial accelerometer | Neutral | Researchers | Nonprofit organization |
| Tabak, 2012 | Netherlands | Respiratory/COPD | Cohort/4 days | 39 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Activity sensor and smartphone were worn on the subject's belt | Neutral | Not defined | NR |
| Thomas, 2015 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/6 months | 154 | ≥20 | Computerized system/Weight-loss Web site | Positive | Physician | Government |
| van der Meer, 2009 | Netherlands | Respiratory/Asthma | RCT/12 | 200 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Spirometer and Web site | Positive | Asthma nurse | Nonprofit organization |
| Wakefield, 2011 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes, Hypertension | RCT/52 weeks | 302 | ≥20 | Multiple components/The home telehealth device to enable data transmission | Positive | Nurse | Government |
| Wakefield, 2012 | United States | Metabolic disorders/Type 2 diabetes, hypertension | RCT/52 weeks | 302 | ≥20 | Multiple components/The home telehealth device to enable data transmission | Positive | Nurse | Government |
| Wang, 2012 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/12 months | 210 | ≥20 | Smartphones/PDAs/PDA recorded food entry and physical activity | Positive | Self/Patient | Government |
| Webber, 2013 | United States | Weight management/Obesity | RCT/12 weeks | 50 | ≥20 | Computerized system/Online self-monitoring | Positive | Self/Patient | Nonprofit organization and private sector |
| Widmer, 2015 | United States | Cardiovascular/Cardiovascular rehabilitation | Cohort/3 months | 42 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Personal health assistant through online and smartphone-based platforms | Positive | Self/Patient | Nonprofit foundation |
| Wijsman, 2013 | Netherlands | Weight management | RCT/13 weeks | 235 | ≥20 | Multiple components/Accelerometer-based activity monitor, a personal Web site, and a personal e-coach | Positive | Self/Patient and e-coach (counselor) | Nonprofit organization and private sector |
| Woodend, 2008 | Canada | Cardiovascular/Heart failure and Angina | RCT/12 weeks | 249 | ≥20 y | Biosensor/Transmission of ECG | Positive | Nurse | Nonprofit foundation and industry. |
| Zheng, 2014 | China | Cardiovascular/Healthy control subjects | Case series/24 h | 10 | 21–39 | Wearable device/Wearable ECG: two e-textile electrodes were sewed in the armband and one placed on the right side of the thorax | Positive | Researcher | Government |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; FEV, forced expiratory volume; IVR, interactive voice response; NR, not reported; PDA, personal digital assistant; RCT, randomized controlled trial.