Table 1. Study population: Characteristics of participants in the GP-centered health care program (intervention group. IG) in comparison to non-participants (Non-P) and control group (CG).

Parameter	IG n = 40 298	Non-P n = 322 732	Relative difference IG vs Non-P before matching (p-value)	CG n = 40 298	Relative difference IG vs CG (p-value)
Male sex	40.9%	45.4%	−11.2% (<0.001)	40.0%	2.2% (0.013)
Age: mean±SD; Median; 25% quartile; 75% quartile; skew	64.8 ± 16.4; 69; 54; 77; −0.763	56.9 ± 18.8; 58; 44; 77; −0.251	12.2% (<0.001)	65.1 ± 16.0; 69; 55; 77; −0.767	−0.5% (0.001)
Retired	66.5%	46.6%	29.9% (<0.001)	67.3%	−1.2% (0.023)
Morbidity index	1.903	1.348	29.2% (<0.001)	1.907	−0.2% (0.816)
Number of HMGs	2.6	1.6	38.9% (<0.001)	2.7	−1.2% (0.056)
Long-term care level 1	5.6%	3.6%	35.7% (<0.001)	5.6%	−1.3% (0.668)
Long-term care level 2	2.7%	1.8%	31.8% (<0.001)	2.8%	−4.2% (0.322)
Long-term care level 3	0.7%	0.5%	23.7% (<0.001)	0.6%	5.8% (0.487)
DMP type 2 diabetes	21.4%	6.7%	68.8% (<0.001)	20.5%	3.8% (0.003)
DMP CHD	11.6 %	2.9%	74.7% (<0.001)	10.4%	9.6% (<0.001)
DMP type 1 diabetes	0.1%	0.2%	−13.7% (0.357)	0.1%	5.3% (0.776)
DMP COPD	3.3%	0.6%	80.5% (<0.001)	2.7%	19.0% (<0.001)
DMP asthma	1.9%	0.7%	63.4% (<0.001)	1.7%	10.6% (0.033)
DMP breast cancer	0.1%	0.1%	5.4% (0.707)	0.1%	−13.5% (0.506)
Propensity score: mean±SD	0.176 ± 0.125	0.103 ±0.077	0.073 (<0.001)	0.177 ± 0.128	0.001 (0.281)

p<0.05. statistically significant difference (t-test. chi square test); HMG. hierarchical morbidity group; DMP. disease management program; CHD. coronary heart disease. COPD. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. SD. standard deviation. SE. standard error