Table 4. Secondary comparative outcomes (difference in differences [DiD]) for care coordination.
| Outcome measure (secondary) | t1 | t2 | t2 vs t1 | DiD | ||||
| Care coordination | IG (SD) |
CG (SD) |
IG (SD) |
CG (SD) |
IG | CG | Absolute intervention effect*3 (p-value [95% CI]) |
Relative change*4 % |
| Share of patients consulting more than one GP*1 | 19.0% | 20.9% | 13.5% | 21.1% | −5.42*5 | 0.23*5 | 0.59 (<0.001 [0.56; 0.61]) |
−41.4 |
| Share of specialist consultations without referral*2 | 15.5% | 18.0% | 15.6% | 18.9% | 0.04*5 | 0.95*5 | −0.01 (<0.001 [−0.013; −0.006]) |
−5.8 |
| Number of different specialist groups consulted per patient (mean)*2 |
3.68 (2.15) |
3.62 (2.19) |
3.69 (2.15) |
3.57 (2.21) |
0.01 | −0.05 | 0.06 (<0.001 [0.04; 0.08]) |
1.6 |
| Number of home visits by GPs per patient (mean)*2 |
1.63 (5.19) |
1.41 (4.67) |
1.93 (5.30) |
1.64 (4.83) |
0.31 | 0.23 | 0.08 (<0.001 [0.04; 0.13]) |
5.0 |
| Number of DMP participants (mean value per patient)*2 |
0.38 (0.61) |
0.36 (0.59) |
0.44 (0.66) |
0.35 (0.59) |
0.06 | −0.01 | 0.07 (<0.001 [0.06; 0.07]) |
17.7 |
| Number of medical check-ups (mean value per patient)*2 |
0.45 (0.61) |
0.31 (0.53) |
0.42 (0.59) |
0.29 (0.51) |
−0.04 | −0.02 | −0.016 (<0.001 [−0.024; −0.008]) |
−3.5 |
| Number of emergency hospitalizations (mean value per patient)*2 |
0.24 (0.64) |
0.25 (0.68) |
0.31 (0.77) |
0.31 (0.80) |
0.07 | 0.06 | 0.001 (0.868 [−0.011; 0.013]) |
0.4 |
| Increase in nursery care level (0. 1. 2. 3) | 0: 91.1% 1: 5.6% 2: 2.7% 3: 0.7% |
0: 86.8% 1: 7.6% 2: 4.3% 3: 1.3% |
0: 90.9% 1: 5.6% 2: 2.8% 3: 0.6% |
0: 86.9% 1: 7.6% 2: 4.3% 3: 1.3% |
5.9% | 5.8% | 0.1*5 (0.578 [−0.3; 0.5]) |
0.1*6 |
p<0.05. statistically significant difference (t-test respectively chi square test); *1 binary variable; *2 metric variable; *3 intervention effect for metric variables: mean difference; intervention effect for binary variables: odds ratio; *4 relative change for metric variables: share of intervention effect in IG t1 in %; relative change for binary variables: odds ratio –1. i.e. percentage change in odds;
*5 percentage points; *6 relative change equals absolute intervention effect because of equal denominator (n = 40 298 patients of IG); DMP. disease management program; IG. intervention group;
CG. control group; CI. confidence interval; SD. standard deviation