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. 2017 Jan 17;5:4. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0213-y

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Birth mode and gestation age both significantly affect the composition of the infant gut microbiota to 24 weeks of age. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoAs) on Spearman distance matrices of samples at each of four time points (weeks 1, 4, 8 and 24) revealed significant differences between the groups. Significance was calculated using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA, Additional file 1: Table S3). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001