Table 2.
Associations between alcohol outlet access and usual alcohol intake on a single occasion from multinomial regression (N = 995)
| SHORT-TERM | HARM | LONG-TERM | HARM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Don’t drink vs. Above guidelines | Within guidelines vs. Above guidelines | Don’t drink vs. Above guidelines | Within guidelines vs. Above guidelines | |
| Alcohol outlet exposurea | ORb (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| All outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.93 (0.53, 1.62) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.35) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.82) | 0.90 (0.52, 1.55) |
| Greater than zero c | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00)* | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.996 (0.990, 1.002) | 1.000 (0.999, 1.000) | 0.995 (0.989, 1.001) | 0.999 (0.998, 1.000)** |
| Off-site outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.73 (0.40, 1.33) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.42, 1.80) | 0.90 (0.47, 1.75) |
| Greater than zero | 0.80 (0.49, 1.30) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.24) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.34) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.26) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.974 (0.953, 0.997)* | 1.004 (0.991, 1.016) | 0.962 (0.939, 0.986)** | 0.988 (0.976, 1.001) |
| On-site outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 1.22 (0.72, 2.07) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.74) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.38) | 1.17 (0.72, 1.91) |
| Greater than zero | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.996 (0.989, 1.002) | 0.999 (0.998, 1.000) | 0.995 (0.988, 1.001) | 0.998 (0.997, 0.999)** |
| On-site (excl. late night) outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 1.57 (0.70, 3.53) | 1.08 (0.62, 1.88) | 1.45 (0.54, 3.94) | 0.96 (0.48, 1.91) |
| Greater than zero | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.993 (0.982, 1.004) | 0.999 (0.997, 1.001) | 0.991 (0.980, 1.002) | 0.997 (0.996, 0.999)** |
| Late night on-site outletsd | ||||
| Number within 3 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.993 (0.686, 1.436) | 0.914 (0.658, 1.268) | 1.182 (0.761, 1.836) | 1.157 (0.768, 1.742) |
| Greater than zero | 0.991 (0.981, 1.001) | 0.998 (0.996, 1.001) | 0.988 (0.978, 0.998)* | 0.996 (0.992, 0.999)** |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Models adjusted for education, employment, household income and urban/rural classification
aFractional polynomials identified linear relationship between continuous alcohol outlet access and alcohol intake as best fit to the data. Separate models were fitted for each of the alcohol outlet access measures (i.e., number within 0.4 km and number within 3 km)
bOdds ratio and 95% confidence interval
cGreater than zero is the continuous predictor for all observations greater than zero
dToo few individuals had a late night on-site outlet within 0.4 km of home (n = 13). Only the number within 3 km was considered as an exposure