Table 3.
Associations between alcohol outlet access and frequency of alcohol intake above recommended guidelines from multinomial regression (N = 904)
| Don’t drink vs. Frequent drinker above guidelines | Infrequent drinker within guidelines vs. Frequent drinker above guidelines | Frequent drinker within guidelines vs. Frequent drinker above guidelines | Infrequent drinker above guidelines vs. Frequent drinker above guidelines | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol outlet exposurea | ORb (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| All outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.795 (0.386, 1.637) | 0.728 (0.376, 1.410) | 0.730 (0.362, 1.472) | 0.616 (0.278, 1.362) |
| Greater than zero c | 0.939 (0.914, 0.966)*** | 0.960 (0.923, 0.999)* | 0.965 (0.940, 0.990)** | 0.928 (0.847, 1.017) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.995 (0.991, 0.999)* | 0.998 (0.997, 0.999)*** | 0.999 (0.998, 1.000)* | 0.998 (0.995, 1.001) |
| Off-site outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.672 (0.278, 1.620) | 0.574 (0.239, 1.380) | 0.612 (0.241, 1.558) | 0.661 (0.197, 2.214) |
| Greater than zero | 0.841 (0.455, 1.553) | 0.131 (0.034, 0.506)** | 1.065 (0.615, 1.844) | 1.121 (0.486, 2.586) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.964 (0.945, 0.983)*** | 0.989 (0.971, 1.006) | 0.996 (0.979, 1.014) | 0.981 (0.948, 1.015) |
| On-site outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 1.191 (0.632, 2.246) | 1.056 (0.547, 2.038) | 1.031 (0.537, 1.981) | 0.795 (0.391, 1.617) |
| Greater than zero | 0.941 (0.903, 0.980)** | 0.972 (0.947, 0.999)* | 0.973 (0.947, 1.000)* | 0.941 (0.884, 1.001) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.995 (0.991, 0.999)* | 0.998 (0.997, 0.999)*** | 0.999 (0.998, 1.000)** | 0.998 (0.995, 1.001) |
| On-site (excl. late night) outlets | ||||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 1.331 (0.457, 3.878) | 0.871 (0.392, 1.935) | 0.964 (0.368, 2.526) | 0.610 (0.233, 1.594) |
| Greater than zero | 0.911 (0.834, 0.994)* | 0.928 (0.854, 1.008) | 0.949 (0.886, 1.017) | 0.832 (0.691, 1.003) |
| Number within 3 km | 0.992 (0.985, 0.999)* | 0.997 (0.995, 0.998)*** | 0.998 (0.996, 1.000)* | 0.997 (0.993, 1.002) |
| Late night on-site outletsd | ||||
| Number within 3 km | ||||
| Zero spike | 0.882 (0.528, 1.475) | 0.719 (0.415, 1.247) | 0.927 (0.588, 1.461) | 0.488 (0.289, 0.827)** |
| Greater than zero | 0.987 (0.980, 0.994)*** | 0.993 (0.990, 0.996)*** | 0.995 (0.993, 0.998)*** | 0.991 (0.982, 1.000) |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Models adjusted for education, employment, household income and urban/rural classification
aSeparate models were fitted for each of the alcohol outlet access measures (i.e., number within 0.4 km and number within 3 km)
bOdds ratio and 95% confidence interval
cGreater than zero is the continuous predictor for all observations greater than zero
dToo few individuals had a late night on-site outlet within 0.4 km of home (n = 13). Only the number within 3 km was considered as an exposure