Table 4.
Associations between alcohol outlet access and depressive symptoms from linear and log-binomial regression models (N = 995)
| √CESD-10 Scorea | At risk of depressionb (No/Yes) | |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol outlet exposurec | β (95% CI) | ORd (95% CI) |
| All outlets | ||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||
| Zero spike | 0.098 (−0.108, 0.303) | 1.341 (0.851, 2.114) |
| Greater than zero e | −0.003 (−0.013, 0.007) | 0.972 (0.933, 1.013) |
| Number within 3 km | −0.0001 (−0.0004, 0.0002) | 0.998 (0.997, 1.000)* |
| Off-site outlets | ||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||
| Zero spike | 0.165 (−0.077, 0.407) | 1.20 (0.70, 2.05) |
| Greater than zero | 0.119 (−0.059, 0.297) | 0.73 (0.47, 1.15) |
| Number within 3 km | −0.0006 (−0.0041, 0.0030) | 0.982 (0.967, 0.997)* |
| On-site outlets | ||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||
| Zero spike | −0.002 (−0.009, 0.005) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.92) |
| Greater than zero | −0.001 (−0.174, 0.172) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) |
| Number within 3 km | −0.0002 (−0.0007, 0.0003) | 0.998 (0.997, 0.999)** |
| On-site (excl. late night) outlets | ||
| Number within 0.4 km | ||
| Zero spike | 0.105 (−0.143, 0.353) | 1.64 (0.95, 2.86) |
| Greater than zero | 0.003 (−0.017, 0.023) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| Number within 3 km | −0.0003 (−0.0008, 0.0003) | 0.997 (0.995, 0.999)** |
| Late night on-site outletsf | ||
| Number within 3 km | ||
| Zero spike | 0.0450 (−0.1105, 0.2005) | 1.360 (1.000, 1.851) |
| Greater than zero | −0.0002 (−0.0009, 0.0005) | 0.996 (0.994, 0.998)** |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Models adjusted for education, employment, household income and urban/rural classification
aSquare root transformation of CESD-10 to deal with skewed distribution
bCESD-10 score of 10 or more classed as ‘at risk’
cSeparate models were fitted for each of the alcohol outlet access measures (i.e., number within 0.4 km and number within 3 km)
dOdds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI)
eGreater than zero is the continuous predictor for all observations greater than zero
fFew participants had a late night on-site outlet within 0.4 km so only the 3 km distance was considered for this exposure