Table 2.
Socio-demographic and pregnancy related issues in case and control groups
| Factors | Categories | Cases n/N (%) | Controls n/N (%) | OR (95% CI of OR) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current age (years) of mother | Mean (± SD) | 27.7 (5.2) | 26.9 (5.2) | 1.03 (0.9–1.1) | 0.316 |
| Mothers’ school Attendance |
Yes | 59/66 (89.4) | 126/129 (97.7) | Reference | |
| No | 7/66 (10.6) | 3/129 (2.3) | 11.5 (1.1–118.2) | 0.009 | |
| Grades of schooling of mothers | ≥Secondary | 31/66 (46.9) | 80/128 (62.5) | Reference | |
| <Secondary (9–10) | 35/66 (53) | 48/128 (37.5) | 2.3 (1.1–4.9) | 0.027 | |
| Mother works for a living | No | 54/66 (81.8) | 113/129 (87.6) | Reference | |
| Yes | 12/66 (18.2) | 16/129 (12.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 0.248 | |
| Parents’ working status | None/one working | 59/66 (89.4) | 125/129 (96.9) | Reference | |
| Both working | 7/66 (10.6) | 4/129 (3.1) | 4.3 (1.1–17.6) | 0.025 | |
| Age at first pregnancy (years) | Mean (± SD) | 21.2 (4.1) | 21.3 (3.5) | 0.99 (0.9–1.1) | 0.904 |
| Status as an adult during first pregnancy | Adult | 55/66 (83.3) | 113/129 (87.6) | Reference | |
| Minor (<18y) | 11/66 (16.7) | 16/129 (12.4) | 1.4 (0.5–3.9) | 0.453 | |
| Anaemia during last pregnancy (Hb level <11 g/dl) |
No | 16/47 (34) | 23/74 (31.1) | Reference | |
| Yes | 31/47 (65.9) | 51/74 (68.9) | 1.1 (0.4–3) | 0.806 | |
| Blood transfusion during last pregnancy | No | 59/66 (89.4) | 127/129 (98.5) | Reference | |
| Yes | 7/66 (10.6) | 2/129 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.3–33.8) | 0.007 | |
| Use of tobacco (chewing / smoking / drinking) during last pregnancy | No | 9/66 (13.6) | 20/129 (15.5) | Reference | |
| Yes | 57/66 (86.4) | 109/129 (84.5) | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 0.713 | |
| Kuhva consumption during last pregnancy | <4 /day | 15/66 (22.7) | 57/129 (44.2) | Reference | |
| ≥4 /day | 51/66 (77.3) | 72/129 (55.8) | 3 (1.4–6.4) | 0.003 |