Table 1.
Descriptive Baseline Characteristics of Men by Incident Hip Fracture Status
| Variable | No hip fracture (n =5698) | Hip fracture (n =178) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age at enrollment (years) | 73.48 ± 5.81 | 77.81 ± 6.08 | |
| Age ≥75 years | 2318 (40.68) | 131 (73.6) | <0.001 |
| Education | |||
| ≥High school | 4337 (76.11) | 129 (72.47) | 0.26 |
| Health status (good/excellent) | 4903 (86.08) | 149 (83.71) | 0.37 |
| Height (cm) | 174.22 ± 6.8 | 173.43 ± 6.33 | 0.13 |
| Height change since age 25 years (cm) | 3.64 ± 2.94 | 5.09 ± 3.09 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 83.4 ± 13.3 | 79.25 ± 11.99 | <0.001 |
| Weight change since age 25 years (kg) | 10.51 ± 11.36 | 7.59 ± 11.14 | 0.001 |
| Radial pulse average (beats/min) | 64.39 ± 9.88 | 64.59 ± 10.33 | 0.83 |
| ≥80 beats/min | 405 (7.13) | 18 (10.11) | 0.13 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.79 ± 0.13 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Fracture/fall history | |||
| Any fracture after age 50 years | 1332 (23.42) | 73 (41.01) | <0.001 |
| Fall 1 time in past 12 months | 672 (11.79) | 29 (16.29) | 0.012 |
| Fall 2+ times previous 12 months | 505 (8.86) | 24 (13.48) | 0.012 |
| Hip fracture after age 50 years | 60 (1.05) | 8 (4.49) | <0.001 |
| Maternal history of any fracture | 1251 (21.96) | 39 (21.91) | 0.99 |
| No falls in past 12 months | 4521 (79.34) | 125 (70.22) | 0.012 |
| Paternal history of any fracture | 860 (15.09) | 29 (16.29) | 0.66 |
| Medical history | |||
| Cataracts | 1939 (34.03) | 81 (45.5) | 0.002 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary | 594 (10.42) | 24 (13.48) | 0.19 |
| Comorbidity indexa | 0.83 ± 1.04 | 1.2 ± 1.13 | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 298 (5.23) | 14 (7.87) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes | 839 (15.79) | 24 (14.37) | 0.62 |
| Hypertension | 2453 (43.05) | 88 (49.44) | 0.09 |
| Hyperthyroid disease | 89 (1.56) | 7 (3.93) | 0.01 |
| Hypothyroid disease | 387 (6.79) | 17 (9.55) | 0.15 |
| Myocardial infarction or angina | 778 (13.65) | 42 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 43 (0.75) | 5 (2.81) | 0.003 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 289 (5.07) | 13 (7.3) | 0.18 |
| Stroke | 311 (5.46) | 24 (13.48) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| Alpha adrenergic blocker | 864 (15.81) | 39 (22.81) | 0.01 |
| Anticonvulsants | 121 (2.21) | 5 (2.92) | 0.54 |
| Benzodiazepine (long acting) | 76 (1.39) | 4 (2.34) | 0.30 |
| Benzodiazepine (short acting) | 113 (2.07) | 4 (2.34) | 0.80 |
| Beta blockers, non-opthamalic | 1002 (18.33) | 38 (22.22) | 0.20 |
| Corticosteroid (oral or inhaled) | 458 (8.38) | 16 (9.36) | 0.65 |
| Hypoglycemic agent | 452 (8.27) | 15 (8.77) | 0.81 |
| Loop diuretics | 277 (5.07) | 14 (8.19) | 0.07 |
| Nitrates | 227 (4.15) | 13 (7.6) | 0.03 |
| SSRI | 150 (2.74) | 6 (3.51) | 0.55 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 695 (12.71) | 22 (12.87) | 0.95 |
| Thyroid medications | 361 (6.6) | 16 (9.36) | 0.15 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 99 (1.81) | 7 (4.09) | 0.03 |
| Physical performance | |||
| PASE score | 147.58 ± 68.16 | 131.89 ± 67.45 | 0.003 |
| Seconds to complete 5 stands | 11.03 ± 3.25 | 12.39 ± 3.98 | <0.001 |
| Sitting (>4 hours) | 1647 (28.9) | 61 (34.27) | 0.12 |
| Take walks for exercise daily? | 2835 (49.75) | 79 (44.38) | 0.16 |
| Chair stands (Highest quartile or unable) | 1495 (26.3) | 78 (44.1) | <0.001 |
| Walking speed ≤ than 0.8 m/s | 185 (3.25) | 22 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking status | |||
| No | 2125 (37.3) | 81 (45.51) | 0.005 |
| Past | 3379 (59.03) | 86 (48.3) | 0.005 |
| Current | 193 (3.39) | 11 (6.18) | 0.005 |
| Alcohol (number of drinks/wk) | |||
| Average | 4.35 ± 6.88 | 3.03 ± 5.29 | <0.001 |
| Non use | 1985 (34.89) | 86 (48.31) | 0.001 |
| <14 | 3030 (53.25) | 77 (43.26) | 0.001 |
| ≥14 | 675 (11.86) | 15 (8.43) | 0.001 |
| IADL (no. of difficulties) | 0.52 ± 1.43 | 1.04 ± 2.03 | <0.001 |
| SF-12 Modified Mental Summary Scale | 55.63 ± 6.87 | 54.17 ± 9.45 | 0.29 |
| SF-12 Modified Physical Summary Scale | 49.01 ± 10.14 | 46.78 ± 11.79 | 0.05 |
| Cognitive function | |||
| Teng 3MS (0 to 100) | 93.3 ± 5.94 | 92.39 ± 5.18 | 0.002 |
| Trails B: total time (0 to 300 seconds) | 133.51 ± 58.33 | 162.43 ± 68.21 | <0.001 |
| Visual acuity 20/40 or worse (calc vear) | 273 (4.8) | 13 (7.43) | 0.113 |
| Diet | |||
| Caffeine (daily intake, mg) | 215.18 ± 233.34 | 195.7 ± 226.34 | 0.62 |
| Calcium (dietary and supplemental, mg) | 1130 ± 585.59 | 1080.74 ± 590.07 | 0.28 |
| Diet Quality Score | 62.71 ± 12.99 | 61.53 ± 13.72 | 0.24 |
| Protein (percent kcal) | 16.13 ± 2.91 | 15.3 ± 2.55 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (dietary and supplemental, IU) | 389.84 ± 244.62 | 356.5 ± 236.72 | 0.07 |
SSRI =selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; PASE =Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; IADL =instrumental activities of daily living.
a
Summary of the number of self-report of the following conditions: stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, Parkinson’s disease, osteoarthritis, diabetes, thyroid disease, and osteoporosis.
Mean ±standard deviation or n (%).