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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016 Dec;28(6):764–771. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000419

Figure 1. Asthma heterogeneity and immunological patterns involved in disease pathology.

Figure 1

(A) The Th2high endotype is characterized by increased activation of DCs, Th2 CD4+ T cells, ILC2s and B cells which result in heightened allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine production as well as elevated numbers of lung infiltrating and circulating eosinophils. On the other hand, the Th2low endotype display reduced activation of Th2 cells and Th2 cytokine production as well as decreased numbers of eosinophils. (B) Intrinsic non-allergic and steroid resistant asthma is IgE and Th2 independent, associated with a Th1/Th17 immune response and the participation of ILC3s as well as intense neutrophils recruitment in the lungs.