Effects of neonatal maternal separation (NMS) on expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α and RARβ subtypes in adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells in vitro. (A) NMS decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of RARα (t10 = 4.991, p < .001) but not RARβ (t10 = 1.513, n.s.). (B) NMS decreased expression of RARα protein (t14 = 3.088, p <.01). Data are shown as the means ± SEM. A statistically significant difference is indicated at **p < .01 or ***p < .001. AFR, animal facility reared; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; n.s., no statistically significant difference.