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. 2017 Jan 11;11:163–173. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S126743

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© 2017 Chen et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Effects of resveratrol on phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells.

Notes: (A) Cells were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of resveratrol and then treated with TGF-β2 in the absence or presence of 50 or 100 µM resveratrol. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-phosphorylated and anti-total antibodies against Smad2 and Smad3. Protein loading was normalized by using GAPDH as the reference protein. The data are representative of at least three independent experiments. (B, C) Quantitative data for p-Smad2, p-Smad3, Smad2, and Smad3 expression are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 versus the control group; ^###P<0.001.

Abbreviations: GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NS, not significant; p-Smad2/Smad3, phosphorylated-Smad2/Smad3; RES, resveratrol; SEM, standard error of the mean; TGF, transforming growth factor.