Table 3. Treatment Effects for Experienced Well-being: Negative Affect.
| MTREATMENT (SD) | MCONTROL (SD) | pa | pb | pa | pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unconditional | Conditional | |||||
| Overall | ||||||
| Negative affect | 0.91 (0.79) | 0.82 (0.76) | 0.547 | 0.551 | 0.852 | 0.894 |
| Negative affect during time spent with PFL child | 0.98 (0.88) | 0.82 (0.73) | 0.309 | 0.323 | 0.852 | 0.658 |
| Negative affect during time spent without PFL child | 0.84 (0.97) | 0.80 (0.92) | 0.831 | 0.833 | 0.857 | 0.671 |
| Negative affect states | ||||||
| Stressed | 1.47 (1.25) | 1.24 (1.08) | 0.320 | 0.329 | 0.932 | 0.864 |
| Irritated | 1.29 (1.12) | 1.08 (1.05) | 0.338 | 0.343 | 0.734 | 0.805 |
| Frustrated | 1.26 (1.02) | 1.10 (1.00) | 0.422 | 0.426 | 0.866 | 0.812 |
| Angry | 0.66 (0.84) | 0.55 (0.84) | 0.504 | 0.510 | 0.826 | 0.972 |
| Impatient | 1.27 (1.15) | 1.32 (1.02) | 0.829 | 0.830 | 0.590 | 0.583 |
| Depressed | 0.23 (0.37) | 0.28 (0.50) | 0.627 | 0.622 | 0.177 | 0.196 |
| Criticized | 0.18 (0.40) | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.781 | 0.786 | 0.444 | 0.526 |
| Negative affect states during time spent with PFL child | ||||||
| Stressed | 1.61 (1.45) | 1.25 (1.08) | 0.155 | 0.167 | 0.570 | 0.438 |
| Irritated | 1.36 (1.22) | 1.04 (0.98) | 0.153 | 0.164 | 0.293 | 0.311 |
| Frustrated | 1.37 (1.19) | 1.11 (1.00) | 0.233 | 0.245 | 0.601 | 0.447 |
| Angry | 0.66 (0.87) | 0.56 (0.85) | 0.584 | 0.593 | 0.717 | 0.987 |
| Impatient | 1.43 (1.26) | 1.36 (1.09) | 0.783 | 0.787 | 0.854 | 0.910 |
| Depressed | 0.24 (0.53) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0.989 | 0.990 | 0.229 | 0.421 |
| Criticised | 0.22 (0.49) | 0.17 (0.39) | 0.600 | 0.611 | 0.529 | 0.712 |
| Negative affect states during time spent without PFL child | ||||||
| Stressed | 1.36 (1.61) | 1.23 (1.31) | 0.672 | 0.674 | 0.746 | 0.644 |
| Irritated | 1.16 (1.38) | 1.03 (1.33) | 0.634 | 0.636 | 0.977 | 0.836 |
| Frustrated | 1.10 (1.31) | 1.07 (1.29) | 0.895 | 0.896 | 0.827 | 0.671 |
| Angry | 0.70 (1.21) | 0.58 (1.15) | 0.620 | 0.625 | 0.945 | 0.993 |
| Impatient | 1.15 (1.46) | 1.12 (1.29) | 0.932 | 0.934 | 0.801 | 0.895 |
| Depressed | 0.26 (0.57) | 0.44 (0.91) | 0.255 | 0.256 | 0.244 | 0.176 |
| Criticised | 0.14 (0.58) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.922 | 0.929 | 0.871 | 0.728 |
Notes: The sample size is 101 (Treatment = 46, Control = 55), except when we the restrict analysis to time spend without the PFL child as 5 control participants did not record any episodes without their PFL child, therefore n = 96 (Treatment = 46, Control = 50). ‘M’ indicates the unconditional mean. ‘SD’ indicates the unconditional standard deviation.
a two-tailed t-test p-value
b two-tailed p-value from an individual permutation test with 100,000 replications.
*** Significant at the 1 percent level.
** Significant at the 5 percent level.
* Significant at the 10 percent level.