Table 2.

Participant characteristics by heart failure stage in the ARIC study, 2011–2013.

	Overall (n=6,118)	Stage 0 (n=308)	Stage A (n=3,192)	Stage B (n=1,801)	Stage C1 (n=450)	Stage C2 (n=366)	Criteria
Age (years)	75.3 [71.7, 79.7]	73.8 [71.1, 77.5]	75.0 [71.6, 79.4]^*^†^‡	75.4 [72.0, 79.8]^†^§^¶	75.7 [72.0, 81.1]^#	78.2 [73.5, 82.0]
Male	42%	35%	40%^*^†^‡	43%^§	53%	48%
Black	22%	8%	22%^†^‡	20%^§^¶	37%^#	28%
Field Center
Forsyth County	23%	29%	24%^*^†^‡	21%	20%	17%
Jackson	20%	8%	20%^*^†^‡	17%^§^¶	34%^#	26%
Minneapolis	30%	41%	30%^†^‡	31%^§^¶	24%	25%
Washington County	27%	22%	26%^*^‡	31%^§	22%^#	32%
*HF Risk Factors*
Hypertension	83%	0	86%^*^†^‡	88%^§^¶	96%	97%
Diabetes	38%	0	35%^*^†^‡	41%^§^¶	52%^#	61%
Obesity	34%	0	29%^*^†^‡	46%	41%	46%
Metabolic Syndrome	60%	0	60%^*^†^‡	66%^¶	67%	72%
CKD	28%	0	27%^†^‡	28%^§^¶	39%^#	54%
Ever smoker	62%	56%	60%^‡	63%^¶	64%	69%
Current smoking	6%	6%	6%	6%	6%	6%
*Prevalent CVD*
CAD	17%	0	10%^*^†^‡	16%^§^¶	49%	54%
Prior MI	8%	0	3%^*^†^‡	7%^§^¶	30%	33%
PAD	6%	0	5%^*^†^‡	7%^¶	10%	16%
Stroke	4%	0	3%^†^‡	3%^§^¶	8%^#	13%
Atrial Fibrillation	7%	0	4%^*^†^‡	7%^§^¶	11%^#	37%
*Physical Exam*
BMI (kg/m²)	27.9 [24.9, 31.6]	24.5 [23.0, 26.4]	27.4 [24.6, 30.5]^*^†^‡	29.4 [25.9, 33.4]^§	28.7 [25.2, 32.9]^#	29.4 [26.2, 34.0]
SBP (mmHg)	129 [118, 141]	120 [112, 127]	129 [118, 140]^*	131 [119, 143]^¶	129 [117, 142]	128 [113, 143]
DBP (mmHg)	66 [59, 74]	62 [58, 69]	67 [60, 74]^†^‡	67 [59, 74]^§ ^¶	65 [58, 73]^#	62 [55, 70]
HR (bpm)	61 [55, 68]	60 [54, 66]	62 [56, 69]^*^‡	61 [54, 68] ^¶	61 [55, 69]^#	64 [59, 72]
*Laboratory Values*
HbA1c (%)	5.7 [5.5, 6.1]	5.5 [5.3, 5.7]	5.7 [5.5, 6.1]^*^†^‡	5.8 [5.5, 6.2]^¶	5.9 [5.5, 6.3]^#	6.0 [5.6, 6.7]
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m²)	70.8 [58.2, 83.0]	77.7 [70.0, 85.3]	71.3 [59.2, 83.1]^†^‡	71.2 [58.1, 83.3]^§ ^¶	65.6 [54.0, 81.0]^#	57.9 [43.6, 73.3]
LDL (mg/dL)	101 [79, 125]	119 [98, 140]	103 [82, 127]^*^†^‡	99 [77, 123]^§ ^¶	90 [71, 115]	85 [65, 110]
HDL (mg/dL)	50 [42, 60]	59 [52, 69]	51 [43, 61]^*^†^‡	49 [41, 58]^§ ^¶	46 [39, 54]	46 [39, 56]
hsCRP	2.0 [1.0, 4.2]	1.2 [0.7, 2.3]	1.9 [0.9, 4.0]^*^†^‡	2.1 [1.0, 4.5]^¶	2.5 [1.1, 4.8]^#	3.2 [1.6, 6.8]
*Echo: LV Structure*
Wall thickness (cm)	0.97 [0.89, 1.07]	0.88 [0.83, 0.94]	0.93 [0.88, 1.00]^*^†^‡	1.04 [0.95, 1.14]^§	1.02 [0.92, 1.12]^#	1.05 [0.94, 1.17]
EDV/BSA (ml/m²)	41.7 [35.8, 49.0]	41.3 [35.6, 46.4]	39.6 [34.5, 45.4]^*^†^‡	45.8 [38.2, 54.6]^¶	44.3 [37.5, 53.0]^#	47.4 [39.1, 60.7]
LV enlargement	10%	0	0	24%^§^¶	17%^#	32%	EDV/BSA >51.9 in women; >60.2 in men
Mass/height^2.7 (g/m^2.7)	36.3 [30.9, 43.7]	30.3 [26.7, 33.7]	33.3 [29.0, 37.2]^*^†^‡	45.8 [39.4, 51.0]^§ ^¶	41.1 [34.3, 49.0]^#	46.4 [37.6, 57.4]
LVH	27%	0	0	68%^§^¶	41%^#	59%	Mass/ht^2.7 >41.5 in women; >45.0 in men
Significant valve disease	4%	0	0	10%^¶	5%^#	15%
*Echo: LV Systolic Function*
LVEF (%)	65.6 [61.8, 69.2]	66.7 [64.2, 69.5]	66.7 [63.7, 69.9]^*^†^‡	63.9 [58.5, 68.1]^¶	64.0 [58.8, 68.1]^#	61.2 [53.4, 66.1]
Abnormal LVEF	11%	0	0	25%^¶	23%^#	35%	<57.4 in women; <59.0 in men
LVEF <50%	3%	0	0	5%^§^¶	9%^#	20%
RWMA	1.8%	0	0	3.0%^§^¶	5.6%	9.0%
LS (%)	−18.2 [−19.7, −16.4]	−19.0 [−20.4, −17.5]	−18.5 [−19.9, −17.0]^*^†^‡	−17.6 [−19.4, −15.7]^§ ^¶	−17.4 [−19.1, −15.3]^#	−15.9 [−18.3, −13.5]
Abnormal LS	13%	3%	7%^*^†^‡	18%^§^¶	22%^#	39%	<15.2 in women; <14.7 in men
*Echo: LV Diastolic Function*
TDI e′ (cm/s)	5.5 [4.7, 6.5]	6.2 [5.3, 7.4]	5.7 [4.8, 6.6]^*^†^‡	5.2 [4.4, 6.2] ^¶	5.2 [4.3, 6.1]	5.2 [4.1, 6.1]
Abnormal e′	14%	4%	10%^*^†^‡	19%^¶	21%	26%	TDI e′_septal <4.1 in women; <4.3 in men
E/e′ ratio	11.7 [9.5, 14.5]	10.2 [8.5, 12.6]	11.3 [9.3, 13.7]^*^†^‡	12.0 [9.8, 15.2]^§ ^¶	12.6 [10.1, 15.9]^#	14.6 [11.1, 18.7]
Abnormal E/e′	16%	4%	11%^*^†^‡	18%^§^¶	26%^#	40%	E/e′_septal >17.4 in women; >14.8 in men
LAVi (ml/m²)	24.4 [20.0, 29.7]	21.5 [18.3, 25.3]	22.9 [18.9, 27.3]^*^†^‡	26.5 [21.7, 32.5] ^¶	27.1 [22.0, 33.2]^#	30.9 [25.1, 41.3]
Abnormal LAVi	16%	4%	8%^*^†^‡	23%^¶	24%^#	42%	>32.4 in women; >34.2 in men
*Cardiac Biomarkers*
NT-proBNP (ng/L)	134 [69, 269]	84 [53, 156]	108 [58, 200]^*^†^‡	156 [78, 337]^§ ^¶	232 [128, 473]^#	504 [215, 1370]
hs-TnT (ng/L)	11 [7, 16]	7 [5, 10]	10 [7, 15]^*^†^‡	11 [8, 17]^§ ^¶	14 [9, 22]^#	18 [11, 33]

Values presented are n (%) for categorical variables and median [interquartile range] for continuous variables. Italics indicate that the variable was a criterion for Stage B assignment.

p <0.05 for A vs B;

^†

p <0.05 for A vs C1;

^‡

p <0.05 for A vs C2;

^§

p <0.05 for B vs C1;

^¶

p <0.05 for B vs C2;

p <0.05 for C1 vs C2.

CKD – chronic kidney disease; CAD - coronary artery disease, MI- myocardial infarction, PAD – peripheral arterial disease, RWMA – regional wall motion abnormality, LVH – LV hypertrophy, BMI – body mass index, SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, HR – heart rate, HbA1c – hemoglobin A1c; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; EDV – LV end-diastolic volume, LS – longitudinal strain; TDI – tissue Doppler imaging; LAVi – left atrial volume index