Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample.
| Schizophrenia | Controls | |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Males | 33 (55%) | 94 (49%) |
| Education, n (%)a | ||
| Low | 33 (56%) | 71 (37%) |
| Middle | 15 (25%) | 46 (24%) |
| High | 11 (19%) | 73 (38%) |
| Occupational status, n (%) | ||
| Working | 18 (30%) | 182 (95%) |
| School marks at 16 years, mean (SD)a | 7.5 (0.9) | 7.7 (0.9) |
| Clinical factors | ||
| Alcohol abuse dg, n (%)a | ||
| Yes | 6 (10%) | 9 (5%) |
| Current use of alcohol (g/day), median (IQR)a | 1.2 (0–14.0) | 5.7 (2.0–14.4) |
| SOFAS, mean (SD)a | 50.7 (16.8) | 84.6 (10.0) |
| DAI, mean (SD)a | 5.6 (4.1) | |
| Onset age (years), mean (SD) | 26.6 (6.3) | |
| Number of hospital treatment days, median (IQR) | 210 (84–687) | |
| Psychiatric treatment status, n (%) | ||
| No treatment contact | 26 (43%) | |
| Non-regular outpatient treatment | 7 (12%) | |
| Regular outpatient treatment | 22 (37%) | |
| Inpatient/institution | 5 (8%) | |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||
| Schizophrenia | 50 (83%) | |
| Schizophreniform disorder | 2 (3%) | |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 6 (10%) | |
| Delusional disorder | 2 (3%) | |
| Symptom severity | ||
| CGI, mean (SD) | 4.5 (1.4) | |
| PANSS, mean (SD)a | 66.6 (23.5) | |
| Remission, n (%)a | ||
| Yes | 16 (28%) | |
SOFAS=Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, CGI=Clinical Global Impression, DAI=Drug Attitude Inventory, PANSS=Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, IQR=interquartile range. Psychiatric treatment status: non-regular outpatient treatment=contact less than once per month or of unknown frequency, regular outpatient treatment=1–4 times per month and inpatient/institution=being in psychiatric hospital treatment or sheltered home.
a
There were missing data for 1 case and 1 control in education, 1 control and 2 cases in school marks at 16 years, 1 control in alcohol abuse dg, 1 case and 1 control in current use of alcohol, 2 controls in SOFAS, 7 cases in DAI, 2 cases in PANSS, 2 cases in remission.