Table 1.

Overview of social cost studies included in the literature review.

Reference	Country	Substance	Cost categories	Cost measurement	Productivity losses measurement
Ruff et al. (21)	Germany	Tobacco	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Garcia-Altes et al. (27)	Spain	Illicit drugs	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Varney and Guest (26)	Scotland	Alcohol	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Fenoglio et al. (25)	France	Alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Rasmussen et al. (24)	Denmark	Tobacco	Direct costs/indirect costs	Incidence-based	Human capital method
Neubauer et al. (20)	Germany	Tobacco	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Konnopka and König (18)	Germany	Alcohol	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Rehm et al. (23)	Canada	Alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Jarl et al. (28)	Sweden	Alcohol	Direct costs/indirect costs/intangible costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Konnopka et al. (33)	Germany	Alcohol	Direct costs/indirect costs/intangible costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Hansen et al. (29)	US	Psychoactive pharmaceuticals	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method
Wacker et al. (22)	Germany	Tobacco	Direct costs/indirect costs	Prevalence-based	Human capital method