Table 4.

Cost items pertaining to the major cost categories included in the social cost studies.

Cost items	Ruff et al. (21)	Garcia-Altes et al. (27)	Varney and Guest (26)	Fenoglio et al. (25)	Rasmussen et al. (24)	Neubauer et al. (20)	Konnopka and König (18)	Rehm et al. (23)	Jarl et al. (28)	Konnopka et al. (33)	Hansen et al. (29)	Wacker et al. (22)
Direct costs
Hospitalization	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
A&E		x	x
Ambulatory care	x		x		x	x	x	x			x	x
Ambulance		x	x	x
Residential care				x				x		x
Rehabilitation	x					x	x			x		x
Pharmaceuticals	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x
Primary care		x	x	x	x	x			x	x	x	x
Laboratory tests			x
Home-based nursing care	x	x
Social services			x						x
Household care										x
Non-medical costs							x
Education		x								x
Prevention		x	x	x				x	x	x
Research		x		x				x	x	x
Indirect costs
Disability/absenteeism	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x
Unemployment			x								x
Premature mortality	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Early retirement	x				x	x	x		x	x
Intangible costs
QALY									x	x

A&E, Accident and Emergency Department; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.