Table 6.
Summary of molecular and cellular endpoints altered by OPs in experimental models of occupational organophosphate exposure.
| Endpoint | OP | Direction of change | Model system | Publication | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytotoxicity (1) | Cell death (unspecificed) | CPF |  |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Prendergast et al., 2007 |
| DZ | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Rush et al., 2010 | ||
| Parathion | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Berríos et al., 2015 | ||
| DDVP | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Binukumar et al., 2010 | ||
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Binukumar et al., 2011 | |||
| Cell death (apoptotic) | DDVP | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Kaur et al., 2007 | |
| Malathion | |
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | dos Santos et al., 2016 | ||
| Cell death (excitotoxic) | CPF | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Rush et al., 2010 | |
| Cell death (necrotic) | Parathion | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Yousefpour et al., 2006 | |
| Neuron density | CPF |  |
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | Mitra et al., 2009*# | |
|
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | Lim et al., 2011* | |||
| Cytoarchitecture (2) | Axonal Outgrowth | CPF | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Howard et al., 2005 |
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Yang et al., 2008 | |||
| Dendritic Outgrowth | CPF | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Howard et al., 2005 | |
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Yang et al., 2008 | |||
| Neurite Outgrowth | DZ | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Pizzurro et al., 2014a | |
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Pizzurro et al., 2014b | |||
| Parathion | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Yousefpour et al., 2006 | ||
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Berríos et al., 2015 | |||
| ToCP | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Chen et al., 2013 | ||
| − | In vitro (primary culture) | Duarte et al., 2016 | |||
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Hausherr et al., 2014 | |||
| Synaptic Density | CPF | |
Ex vivo (C57B1/6J slice culture) | Speed et al., 2012 | |
| Energy homeostasis (3) | ETC | DDVP | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Kaur et al., 2007 |
| Mitochondrial Integrity | CPF | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Middlemore-Risher et al., 2011 | |
| Mitochondrial Activity | ToCP | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Duarte et al., 2016 | |
| Oxidation Pathways | DZ | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Pizzurro et al., 2014b | |
|
Isolated synaptosomes (rat) | Colovic et al., 2015 | |||
| DDVP | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Kaur et al., 2007 | ||
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Binukumar et al., 2010 | |||
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Binukumar et al., 2011 | |||
| Malathion | |
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | dos Santos et al., 2016 | ||
| Neurotransmission (4) | Axonal transport | CPF | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Terry et al., 2003 |
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Hernandez et al., 2015 | |||
| DFP | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Gao et al., 2016 | ||
| Motor proteins | CPF | |
Isolated kinesin and microtubules | Gearhart et al., 2007 | |
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Prendergast et al., 2007 | |||
|
Isolated kinesin and microtubules | Grigoryan and Lockridge, 2009 | |||
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Middlemore-Risher et al., 2011 | |||
| DFP | |
Isolated kinesin and microtubules | Gearhart et al., 2007 | ||
|
In vitro (primary culture) | Gao et al., 2016 | |||
| Neuropeptide regulation | CPF |
|
In vivo (Long Evans rats) | Lee et al., 2016 | |
|
|
In vitro (PC12 cells) | Slotkin and Seidler, 2010 | |||
| DZ |
|
In vitro (PC12 cells) | Slotkin and Seidler, 2010 | ||
| Ca2+ signaling | CPF | |
In vitro (PC12 cells) | Meijer et al., 2014 | |
|
In vitro (PC12 cells) | Meijer et al., 2015 | |||
| Parathion | |
In vitro (PC12 cells) | Meijer et al., 2014 | ||
| ToCP | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Hausherr et al., 2016 | ||
| Receptor downregulation | CPF | |
In vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Huff et al., 2001 | |
| DFP | |
In vivo (Long Evans rats) | Mundy et al., 1993 | ||
| MP | |
In vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Ma et al., 2003 | ||
|
In vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Sun et al., 2003 | |||
| Receptor blocking | Parathion | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Rocha et al., 1996 | |
| Electrophysiology | Parathion | |
In vitro (primary culture) | Rocha et al., 1996 | |
| CPF | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Muller et al., 2014 | ||
|
|
Ex vivo (C57B1/6J slice culture) | Speed et al., 2012 | |||
| Signal transduction | CPF |
|
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Muller et al., 2014 | |
| DFP | |
Ex vivo (Wistar rats) | Terry et al., 2011 | ||
| ToCP | |
in vitro (primary culture) | Hausherr et al., 2016 | ||
| Neuroinflammation (5) | Cytokine regulation | CPF | |
In vitro (Human fetal astrocytes) | Mense et al., 2006 |
| Microglia activation | CPF | |
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | Lim et al., 2011* | |
| DDVP | |
In vivo (Wistar rats) | Binukumar et al., 2011 | ||
| Malathion | |
In vivo (Swiss albino mice) | dos Santos et al., 2016 | ||
| Blood brain barrier (6) | BBB integrity | CPF | |
In vitro (BMEC and primary culture) | Parran et al., 2005 |
| Malathion | |
In vitro (RBE4 cells) | Balbuena et al., 2010 | ||
| BBB maintanence proteins | Malathion | |
In vitro (RBE4 and BMEC cells) | Balbuena et al., 2011 | |
*
Indicates route of exposure other than SC (topical or tail patch);
#
Indicates test subjects were female.
PC12, adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line; BBB, blood brain barrier; BMEC, bovine brain microvascular endothelial cell line; CPF, chlorpyrifos; DDVP, dichlorvos; DFP, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate; DZ, diazinon; ETC, electron transport chain; MP, methyl parathion; RBE4, rat brain microvascular endothelial cell line; ToCP, tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate.