Table 2. List of the mentioned studies with no or negative effects of multi-vitamins on prevention or treatment of disease .
| Name of Study (reference number) | Populations (N/Properties) | Vitamins/minerals (Dose) | Duration of supplement treatment/follow up period(years) | Results |
| Klein EA et al (4) | 35533 men | Selenium (200 μg/day)Vitamin E (400 IU/day) | 7-12 | Increased risk of prostate cancer |
| Heinonen OP et al (7) | 29,133 male smokers | Alpha-tocopherol (50 mg /day), beta carotene (20 mg/day) | 5-8 | No reduction in the incidence of lung cancer |
| Lonn E et al (8) | 9541patients with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus | Daily dose of natural source vitamin E (400 IU) | 7 | Increase the risk of heart failure |
| Coulter ID et al (9) | 357 articles | Vitamin C(120-180mg/day) and E(400 -600 IU/day) | - | No prevention and/or treatment of cancer |
| Gaziano J et al(10) | 14641 male with a history of prior cancer | Vitamin E(400 IU/day) and vitamin C (500 mg /day) | 8 | No reduction in risk of prostate and total cancer |
| Hunter DJ et al (11) | 89494 women | Vitamins C, E ( ≥ 23,000 IU per day), and A(10,000 IU/day) | 8 | No influence on incidence of breast cancer |
| Kirsh VA et al (12) | 29361 men | Vitamin E(>400 IU/day), beta-carotene(2000 microg/day), and vitamin C | 8 | No prevention on incidence of prostate cancer |
| the Women's Health Study ,Lee IM et al(13) | 39876 healthy women | Vitamin E (600 IU) | 10.1 | No effect on cardiovascular events, cancer and total mortality |
| Liede K et al(14) | 409 white male cigarette smokers, | Alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/day), beta-carotene (20 mg/ day) | 5-7 | No effect on preventing oral mucosal changes in smokers |
| Lin J et al (15) | 8171 women at high risk for CVD | Vitamins C (500 mg/day) and E (600 IU/day) and beta carotene (50 /day) | 4-8 | No benefits in prevention of cancer |
| Lippman SM et al (16) | 35533 men | Selenium (200 microg/day) and vitamin E(400 IU/day) | 5.46 | No prevention of prostate cancer |
| Wright MEet al(17) | 29133 male smokers, free of cancer | Alpha-tocopherol (50 mg /day), beta carotene (20 mg/day) | - | No protective effect on upper aerodigestive tract cancers |
| Huang HY et al (18) | 3710 potentially eligible articles | Multivitamin and mineral supplement(daily) | - | No benefits in preventing cancer and chronic disease |
| Hercberg S et al (19) | 13017 adults | combination of 120 mg of ascorbic acid, 30 mg of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta carotene, 100 mug of selenium, and 20 mg of zinc | 7.5 | low total cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in men but not in women |
| Cook NR et al (20) | 22071 male physicians | Beta-carotene (50 mg) | 13 | No overall effect on total cancer |
| Wright ME et al (21) | 295344 cancer-free men | Vitamin E | 5 | No protection against prostate cancer |
| Greenberg ER et al (22) | 864 colorectal adenoma patients | Beta carton(25 mg daily) , vitamin C (1 g daily) and vitamin E (400 mg daily) | 4 | No prevention of colorectal cancer |
| Larsson SCet al(23) | 35329 cancer-free women | Multivitamins | 9.5 | Increased risk of breast cancer |
| Lawson KA et al (24) | 295344 cancer-free men | Multivitamins | 5 | Increased risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancers |
| Neuhouser ML et al (25) | 182099 participants | Multivitamin (daily) | 8 | No influence on cancer and CVD |
| Yusuf Set al(26) | 2545 women and 6996 men | 400 IU of vitamin E daily | 4.5 | No effect on cardiovascular outcomes |
| Vivekananthan DP et al(27) | 81788 patients in vitamin E trials and 138113 in beta carotene trials | Vitamin E 50-800 IU, and beta carotene 15-50 mg | 1.4 to 12.0 | No benefit of vitamin E in mortality/ increase in mortality with beta carotene |
| Sesso HD et al (28) | 14641 male physicians | Vitamin E (400 IU /day and vitamin C (500 mg/day) | 8 | No reduction in risk of major cardiovascular events |
| Salonen RM et al(29) | 520 smoking and nonsmoking men and postmenopausal women | 136 IU of vitaminE plus 250 mg of slow-release vitaminC twice daily | 6 | slowing down atherosclerotic progression |
| Rapola JM et al (30) | 1795 male smokers who had angina pectoris | Alpha tocopherol ( 50 mg/day) and beta carotene (20 mg/day) | 4 | No beneficial effect on angina pectoris |
| Rapola JM et al (31) | 29133 male smokers | 50 mg/d of alpha tocopherol, 20 mg/d of betacarotene | 4.7 | No beneficial effect on angina pectoris |
| Kushi LH et al(32) | 34486 postmenopausal women | Vitamins A, E, and C | 7 | No effect on mortality from coronary disease |
| Cook NR et al (33) | 8171 female health professionals | Ascorbic acid (500 mg/d), vitamin E (600 IU every other day), and beta carotene (50 mg every other day) | 2-3 | No effect on cardiovascular events |
| Ascherio A et al(34) | 43738 men | Vitamin E (411 IU/d), C (1167 mg/d) | 8 | No reduction in risk of stroke |
| Waters DD et al (35) | 423 postmenopausal women | 400 IU of vitamin E plus 500 mg of vitamin C twice daily | - | No cardiovascular benefit |
| Bleys J et al(36) | 2311 articles | Antioxidants (vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, or selenium) and trials using B vitamins (folate, vitamin B-6, or vitamin B-12) | 0.3 and 7.2 | No evidence of a protective effect on the progression of atherosclerosis |
| Pocobelli G et al (37) | 77673persons | Multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E(dose depend on BMI | 10 | Not associated with cancer mortality |
| Miller ER 3rd et al (38) | 135967 participants in 19 clinical trials | Vitamin E (150-400 IU/d) | - | High doses increase death risk |
| Hayden KM et al (39) | A defined population aged 65 years or older | VitaminE | - | unrelated to mortality, even increased mortality in severe CVD |
| Slatore CG et al (40) | 77721 men and women | Multivitamins, vitaminC, vitaminE, and folate | 10 | Not associated with decreased risk of lung cancer |
| Wu QJ et al (41) | 72,829 nonsmoker female | Vitamin E | 12.02 | increased risk of lung adenocarcinom |
| Lee DH et al (46) | 1923 postmenopausal women with diabetes | Vitamin C | - | Increased risk of CVD mortality |
| Traxer O et al (47) | 12 normal subjects and 12 CaOxstone formers | 2 g ascorbic acid daily | 2, 6-day phases | No change in urinary pH but an increase in urinary oxalate |
| Douglas RM et al (48) | 29 trial comparisons involving 11077 study participants | Vitamin C (0.2 g per day or more) | - | Failure n reduction of common colds |
| Douglas RM et al (49) | 30 trial comparisons involving 11350 study participants | Vitamin C (0.2 g per day or more) | - | Failure in reduction of common colds |
| Hemilä Het al(50) | 29 trial comparisons involving 11306 participant | Vitamin C (0.2 g per day or more) | - | Failure in reduction of common colds |
| HennekensCH et al(62) | 22071 male | Supplementation with beta carotene (50 mg on alternate days) | - | Neither benefit nor harm in malignant neoplasms |
| Omenn GS et al (64) | 18314 smokers, and workers exposed to asbestos |
Beta carotene (30 mg) and vitamin A(25,000 IU) | 2 | No benefit on lung cancer |
| van Zandwijk Net al(65) | 2592 patients | Vitamin A (300000 IU daily for 1 year followed by 150000 IU for a 2nd year), N-acetylcysteine (600 mg daily) | 2 | No benefit for patients with head and neck cancer or with lung cancer |
| Albanes D et al (66) | 29133 smoker men | Alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg) | 5-8 | increased lung cancer incidence in cigarette smokers |
| Melhus H et al(67) | 175 women for the cross-sectional study, 247 women for the nested case-control study | Retinol | - | Increased osteoporosis |
| Feskanich D et al(68) | 72 337 postmenopausal women | Vitamin A | 18 | development of osteoporotic hip fractures |
| Michaëlsson K et al (69) | 2322 men | Retinol | 30 | 1.6-fold increased risk of any fracture and 2.5-fold increased risk of hip fracture |
| Lim LSet al(70) | 34703 postmenopausal women | Vitamin A | 9.5 | 1.18-fold increased risk of hip fracture |
| Ebbing M et al (74) | 6837 patients with ischemic heart disease | Folic acid (0.8 mg/d) and vitamin B12 (0.4 mg/d), vitamin B6 (40 mg/d) | 9 | Increased cancer risk |
| Figueiredo JC et al (75) | 643 men | 1 mg of folic acid | 10.8 | Increased risk of prostate cancer |
| Zhang SM et al (76) | 5442 female health professionals | Combination of folicacid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 | 7.3 | No effect on overall risk of total invasive cancer or breast cancer |
| Cole BF et al(77) | 1021 men and women with a recent history of colorectal adenomas | 1 mg/d of folic acid | 3 | No reduction in colorectal adenoma risk |
| Bazzano LAet al(78) | 16958 participants with preexisting vascular disease | Folic acid(0.5-15mg/day) | - | No reduction in cardiovascular diseases or all-cause mortality |
| Albert CM et al (79) | 5442 women | Combination of folicacid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 | 7.3 | No reduction in cardiovascular events |
| Graat JM et al (80) | 652 non-institutionalized individuals | Physiological doses of multivitamin-minerals, 200 mg of vitaminE | 1.3 | No effect on incidence and severity of respiratory tract infections |
| Wactawski-Wende Jet al(87) | 36282 postmenopausal women | 1000 mg of elemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3 | 7 | No effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer |
| Chlebowski RTet al(91) | 36282 postmenopausal women | 1000 mg of elemental calcium with 400 IU of vitamin D(3) | 7 | No reduction in invasive breast cancer incidence |
| Michaëlsson K et al (92) | 60689 women | Calcium and vitamin D | - | No prevention of osteoporotic fractures |
| Nieves JW et al (93) | 76507 postmenopausal women | calcium and vitamin D | - | Reduction in the odds of osteoporosis but not the 3-year risk of fracture |