Table 3. Comparison of various methods for albumin production.

Method	Purity (%)	Advantage	Disadvantage	Clinical usage	Large-scale	R
Plasma Fractionation	96	Low cost, Its accessibility, Bacteriostatic nature of process, Ethanol is accessible and inexpensive, Safety of therapeutic product	Protein denaturation, Need raw material with high quality, Need to refrigerated tanks	✓	✓	57
Cohn+ LC	99	Low cost, Quality of manufactured product is superior of Cohn method, High purity, High yield, Safety of therapeutic product	Possibility of protein denaturation and/or aggregation during the addition of ethanol	✓	✓	59
Placenta	97.1	Reduction in the volume of resin used in the chromatographic process, High purity	The yield of product might be lower compared to other method, Difficulties in ensuring donor traceability, Contains a high concentration of a heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, Restriction in blood supply	✓	✓	61
Affinity Precipitation	93.6	Tolerable purity, Single step	Protein denaturation	×	×	62
Heat Shock	98	High purity	Protein denaturation	✓	✓	57
Ammonium sulfate+ LC	N/A	Sufficient purity, Suitable for major laboratory approach, Yield of albumin : ≤ 40 g/liter of serum	Not suitable for major clinical approach	×	✓	63
IEC	≤ 95	High yield, Adsorption capacity is high, Better reproducibility, High recovery, Convenient for large-scale production	High media, Capital costs and Ligand leakage, Interactions between albumin and the ion exchange sorbents, Slow separation	✓	✓	66
SMB	96	Increased efficiency Higher purity and yield	Higher complexity, Higher maintenance costs	×	×	79
Dye Ligand affinity chromatography	≈ 98	Higher purity and yield, Quick separation, Medium specificity	Adsorption capacity is low, Elution condition is harsh, Incomplete regeneration	×	×	87

Abbreviations: LC: liquid chromatography, IEC: Ion exchange chromatography, SMB: Simulated moving bed chromatography, CH: Chromatography, N/A: not available.