Table 4.
HRs for incident CHD, MI, stroke and heart failure during 2005–2011 by traffic-related exposures
| CHD (n=200 457) | MI (n=207 042) | Stroke (n=207 047) | Heart failure (n=209 215) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Unit/category | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) |
| NOx | 20 μg/m3 change | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.01) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.96) | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21) |
| Per cent of PM2.5 due to traffic | 1 μg/m3 change | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.10) | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.97) | 1.25 (1.11 to 1.40) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.30) |
| Vehicle km driven‡ | None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Low volume | 0.95 (0.91 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.04) | |
| High volume | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.12) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.15) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.23) | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.16) | |
| Distance (m) to major road | >250 m | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 100 to 250 m | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.05) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.20) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) | |
| 0 to 100 m | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.19) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) | |
| Lnight | <55 dB | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 55 to 60 | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.99) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.03) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.10) | 0.87 (0.74 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03) | |
| 60– | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.86 to 1.15) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.93 (0.83 to 1.05) | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.04) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.29) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.26) | |
*HR1: age, gender, smoking and BMI.
†HR2: as HR1, plus additional adjustment for IMD.
‡Within 100 m radius of postcode address centroid only, with >100 000 km driven annually defined as high volume.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; MI, myocardial infarction; NOx, nitrogen oxide; PM2.5, particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm.