Table 5.
HRs for incident hypertension, atrial fibrillation, COPD and pneumonia during 2005–2011 by traffic-related exposures
| Hypertension (n=169 849) | Atrial fibrillation (n=208 049) | COPD (n=207 236) | Pneumonia (n=207 901) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Unit/category | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) | HR1* (95% CI) | HR2† (95% CI) |
| NOx | 20 μg/m3 change | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.25) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.13) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.19) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) |
| Per cent of PM2.5 due to traffic | 1 μg/m3 change | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.26) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.34) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15) |
| Vehicle km driven‡ | None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Low volume | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | |
| High volume | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) | |
| Distance(m) to major road | >250 m | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 100 to 250 m | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.06) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.06) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | |
| 0 to 100 m | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.90 (0.81 to 0.99) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) | |
| Lnight | <55 dB | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 55 to 60 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.02) | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.99) | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.08) | |
| 60– | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.04) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.07) | |
*HR1: age, gender, smoking and BMI.
†HR2: as HR1, plus additional adjustment for IMD.
‡Within 100 m radius of postcode address centroid only, with >100 000 km driven annually defined as high volume.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; NOx, nitrogen oxide; PM2.5, particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm.