Table 2.

Overview of fifty patients with acute renal failure addressed to contrast-enhanced ultrasound to rule-out vascular causes

Findings on CEUS	Side of CEUS findings	Pre-existing renal function	Cause of acute renal failure	No. of patients with biopsy
Renal infarction (n = 18)	Unilateral (n = 13) Bilateral (n = 5)	Chronic RFI (n = 10) No previous history of RFI (n = 8)	Suspicious embolization (n = 2) Placement of aortic endoprothesis (n = 5) Aortic dissection (n = 2) Ischemia (n = 3) Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (n = 1) Undetermined (n = 5)	None
Acute cortical necrosis pattern (n = 1)	Bilateral (n = 1)	No previous history of RFI (n = 1)	Post-surgical, hypovolemic acute tubular necrosis (n = 1)	None
No vascular abnormalities (n = 31)	None	Chronic RFI (n = 21) No previous history of RFI (n = 10)	Atheroembolic disease (n = 10) Acute pyelonephritis (n = 4) Interstitial nephritis (n = 2) Acute papillary necrosis (n = 1) Antiblastic drug-induced (n = 1) Dehydration (n = 1) Undetermined (n = 12)	1 kidney biopsy, 3 skin biopsy 2 kidney biopsy

CEUS: Contrast enhanced ultrasound; RFI: Renal function impairment.