Table 5.
Movement | Normal range of motion | Possible causes of restriction |
Dorsiflexion | 0-20 degrees | Tight Achilles tendon Tightness of the posterior ligaments Loss of flexibility in the ankle syndesmosis Impingement of anterior soft tissue or osteophytes |
Plantar flexion | 0-50 degrees | Anterior capsule/ligaments contractures Posterior impingement |
Inversion | 0-35 degrees | Tension in the joint capsules and the lateral ligaments1 |
Eversion | 0-15 degrees | Tension in the joint capsules and the medial ligaments1 |
Inversion and eversion is mostly the motion of subtalar joint, the most common causes of restriction including subtalar arthritis, tarsal coalitions or calcaneal fracture malunion.