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. 2016 Nov 16;57(1):68–81. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw158

Table 1.

Characteristics of Women With Dementia in Long-term Care in a Canadian Context (2008–2011)a

All women with dementia (N = 3,717) Care pattern HC onlyb (N = 1,179; 31.7%) Care pattern HC > RC (N = 1,340; 36.1%) Care pattern RC only (N = 1,014; 27.3%) Other care pattern (N = 184; 5.0%) p Valuec
Characteristics N/mean Percentage/(CI) N/mean Percentage/(CI) N/mean Percentage/(CI) N/mean Percentage/(CI) N/mean Percentage/(CI)
Demographic
 Aged 83.5 (83.3, 83.7) 83.1 (82.7, 83.4) 83.3 (82.9, 83.7) 84.4 (84.0, 84.8) 83.5 (82.5, 84.4) <.001
 % 85 or olderd 1,728 46.5% 518 43.9% 599 44.7% 533 52.6% 78 42.4% <.001
 High school or higher 1,656 46.7% 511 44.8% 611 47.1% 453 48.7% 81 45.0% .325
 Low income (supplement)e 1,642 44.9% 599 52.5% 606 45.5% 329 32.8% 108 59.3% <.001
 Living alone 1,454 39.6% 445 38.2% 547 40.9% 354 35.9% 108 59.3% <.001
 Marital status <.001
  Married 972 26.5% 333 28.6% 404 30.2% 208 21.1% 27 14.9%
  Widowed 2,319 63.2% 707 60.7% 809 60.5% 669 67.8% 134 74.0%
  Separated 49 1.3% 20 1.7% 15 1.1% 12 1.2% 2 1.1%
  Divorced 215 5.9% 69 5.9% 67 5.0% 65 6.6% 14 7.7%
  Never married 107 2.9% 32 2.7% 40 3.0% 31 3.1% 4 2.2%
  Other 7 0.2% 4 0.3% 2 0.1% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
 Location of residencef <.001
  Rural 399 10.7% 156 13.2% 157 11.7% 73 7.2% 13 7.1%
  Suburban 1,336 35.9% 408 34.6% 501 37.4% 367 36.2% 60 32.6%
  Urban 1,982 53.3% 615 52.2% 682 50.9% 574 56.6% 111 60.3%
Health
 Falls riskg .023
  Low 2,003 54.4% 647 55.5% 755 56.3% 501 50.3% 100 54.9%
  Medium 881 23.9% 293 25.2% 292 21.8% 253 25.4% 43 23.6%
  High 799 21.7% 225 19.3% 293 21.9% 242 24.3% 39 21.4%
 ADLh 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) 2.6 (2.5, 2.7) 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) <.001
 CPSi 2.4 (2.4, 2.5) 2.1 (2.1, 2.2) 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) 3.1 (3.0, 3.1) 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) <.001
 Depressionj 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) 1.9 (1.7, 2.0) 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) 1.7 (1.3, 2.0) .016
 Medical frailty (CHESS score)k 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) 1.4 (1.3, 1.4) 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) <.001
 PAINl 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) <.001
 Number of chronic conditionsm 2.7 (2.6, 2.7) 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) 2.6 (2.5, 2.7) 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) 3.2 (2.9, 3.4) <.001
 Incontinencen 1,423 38.7% 380 32.6% 439 32.8% 559 56.2% 45 24.7% <.001
 Aggressiono 600 16.3% 135 11.6% 220 16.4% 238 23.9% 7 3.8% <.001
 Died within study period 1,116 30.0% 251 21.3% 420 31.3% 409 40.3% 36 19.6% <.001
 Primary caregiverp <.001
  Spouse 685 18.8% 224 19.2% 311 23.2% 137 14.4% 13 7.1%
  Child/child-in-law (live with) 893 24.5% 358 30.7% 318 23.8% 181 19.0% 36 19.8%
  Child/child-in-law (not live with) 1,588 43.7% 439 37.7% 538 40.2% 497 52.2% 114 62.6%
  Other (relative, friend, neighbor) 437 12.0% 136 11.7% 160 12.0% 122 12.8% 19 10.4%
  No primary caregiver 35 1.0% 8 0.7% 11 0.8% 16 1.7% 0 0.0%
Hours of informal care weeklyp 19.4 (18.7, 20.1) 21.8 (20.6, 23.0) 22.5 (21.2, 23.8) 13.3 (12.0, 14.5) 12.0 (10.3, 13.6) <.001
Service use
 Total days in long-term care 752.5 (738.0, 767.1) 624.9 (600.6, 649.3) 923.7 (900.8, 946.6) 654.2 (626.6, 681.8) 866.0 (807.7, 924.3) <.001
 Total hospitalizationsq 2.1 (2.0, 2.1) 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) 2.8 (2.5, 3.2) <.001
  0 843 22.7% 341 28.9% 283 21.1% 180 17.8% 39 21.2% <.001
  1 1,020 27.4% 299 25.4% 324 24.2% 363 35.8% 34 18.5%
  2 671 18.1% 198 16.8% 241 18.0% 204 20.1% 28 15.2%
  3+ 1,183 31.8% 341 28.9% 492 36.7% 267 26.3% 83 45.1%
 Total hospital days 40.1 (38.5, 41.7) 25.4 (23.2, 27.7) 43.4 (40.6, 46.2) 52.6 (49.5, 55.7) 41.6 (33.8, 49.3) <.001

Note: ANOVA = analysis of variance; CI = confidence interval; HC = home care; LTC = long-term care; RC = residential care.

aBased on demographic and RAI assessment values closest to the start of LTC—baseline.

bCare patterns based on first and last service records.

cSignificance testing (p value) compares differences across all pattern groups using either chi square or one-way ANOVA, as appropriate.

dAge as of the start of initial long-term care service.

eReceipt of Guaranteed Income Supplement provided to older adults below minimum income threshold.

fBased on geocoded location of first three digits of residential postal code. For residential care clients, this should represent last known home address.

gClinical Assessment Protocol to represent risk of future falls.

hActivities of Daily Living based on ADL Self-Performance Hierarchy Scale; range 0 = independent to 6 = total dependence.

iCognitive Performance Scale; range 0 = intact to 6 = very severe impairment.

jDepression Rating Scale, range 0–14, with higher values indicating more numerous and/or frequent symptoms of depression.

kChanges in Health, End-Stage Disease and Signs and Symptoms (CHESS), range 0 = no instability to 5 = highest level of instability.

lPain scale, range 0 = no pain to 3 = severe daily pain.

mBased on chronic conditions common to both the home care and residential care assessment instruments, range 0–10.

nEvidence of either bladder and/or bowel incontinence.

oEvidence of minimum one item associated with Aggressive Behaviour Scale, including verbal abuse, physical abuse, inappropriate behavior, and resisting care.

pPrimary caregiver and informal care information is included on the RAI-HC instrument only. Clients without a home care assessment will be missing for these items.

qHospitalizations with a discharge date more than 365 days prior to the start of LTC have been excluded from the analysis of hospital variables.

Sources: Analysis utilized anonymized linked administrative data from long-term care clients in the Fraser Health Authority in British Columbia, Canada, including client demographic and service utilization records, Resident Assessment Instruments (inter-RAI) for Residential Care (RAI-MDS 2.0) and for Home/Community Care (RAI-HC), Canadian Versions, and Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) hospital discharge records. All clients received long-term care services between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011.