Table 3.
Associations between retinal microvascular parameters and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in GUSTO cohort
| Retinal Microvascular measures | Mean Difference between GDM and non-GDM Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | ||
| Caliber (μm) | Arterioles | -1.6 | -3.1, -0.2 | -1.2 | -2.7, 0.3 |
| Venules | -1.6 | -3.6, 0.5 | -1.3 | -3.4, 0.8 | |
| Fractal dimension (Df) | Arterioles | -0.01 | -0.02, -0.001 | -0.01 | -0.02, 0.001 |
| Venules | -0.01 | -0.01, 0.001 | -0.01 | -0.01, 0.001 | |
| Branching angle (degrees) | Arterioles | 1.8 | 0.3, 3.3 | 2.0 | 0.5, 3.6 |
| Venules | -0.8 | -2.3, 0.8 | -0.6 | -2.2, 0.9 | |
Model 1, adjusted for age, ethnicity and maternal education
Model 2, model 1 and additionally adjusted for history of hypertension, weight gain at 26–28 weeks gestation, family history of diabetes, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obese status, history of past gestational diabetes and parity
Bold data mean difference and 95% CI, meaning the p value for such estimates are significant
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval