Table 1.

Population groups at elevated risk for malaria

Region/country	High-risk livelihood or occupational activities			Mobile populations	Demographic groups
	Forest	Agricultural	Mining/military/other
South/East Asia
Bhutan [3, 106]	Men collecting firewood	Men sleeping in the fields to protect crops		Businessmen travelling to India
		Farmers
Cambodia [5, 33, 107]	Male forest workers			Temporary migrants	Ethnic minority groups living on the forest fringe
					Jarai male youth
Indonesia [37]	Forest workers		Military personnel	Tourists
			Miners	Migrants
Malaysia [40, 108, 109]	Logging, fishing and other forest work	Plantation workers	Military personnel		Indigenous Orang Asli in the hinterland, particularly children
Sri Lanka [8, 110]	Adult men working on forest fringe		Adult male gem miners	Military personnel returning from South Sudan and Haiti
				Fisherman returning from Sierra Leone
				Laborers and migrants from Myanmar
				Pakistani asylum seekers
Thailand [46, 108, 109, 111–113]	Rubber tapers			Migrants from Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos
				Internal migrants from rural areas to foothills or forests
				Migrant workers
				Mobile ethnic groups
				Foreign travellers
Vietnam [6, 114]	Forest-goers	Agricultural workers			Ra-glai population
	Male wood-cutters				Lower socioeconomic status
East Asia/Pacific
China [115–118]				Laborers returning from Africa
				Gold miners returning from Ghana
				Laborers returning to Jiangsu from elsewhere in China
Philippines [38, 39]	Forest clearing, logging, wood gathering, hunting		Military personnel		Indigenous populations, particularly in rural areas
			Charcoal workers
			Construction workers
North Korea [119]		Agricultural workers, ages 17–59 years	Industrial workers, ages 17–59 years
Latin America
Brazil [4, 120–123]			Adult male gold miners
Suriname [124]				Illegal gold miners in remote areas
Venezuela [125, 126]			Gold miners
Other
Saudi Arabia [127]				Adult males from North India
				Migrants from southwest to east of country
Swaziland [45]				Adult male migrant workers, primarily from Mozambique
Turkmenistan [128]			Military personnel		Males in rural areas
			Oil and gas workers
Ethiopia [34]				Young adult seasonal migrant farm workers in northwest Ethiopia