Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses regarding the risk factors of the carbapenem-resistant E.coli (CREC) and carbapenem-susceptible E.coli (CSEC) groups
| Variable | Study group | Univariate | Multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 49) | Control (n = 98) | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex, male (%) | 20 (41%) | 40 (41%) | 0.57 | |||||
| Age {year, median (range)} | 51 (0–82) | 53 (0–91) | 0.69 | |||||
| Related to hospitalization | ||||||||
| Prior hospital stay (<6 months) | 8 (77%) | 57 (58%) | 2.48 | 1.10-5.56 | 0.03 | 3.96 | 1.26-12.42 | 0.02 |
| ICU stay (<6 months) | 18 (36%) | 22 (22%) | 1.48 | 0.98-2.24 | 0.06 | |||
| Operation history | 26 (53%) | 28 (29%) | 2.53 | 1.28-5.01 | 0.01 | |||
| Urinary catheter insertion | 32 (65%) | 59 (60%) | 1.55 | 1.04-2.32 | 0.03 | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | 16 (32%) | 18 (18%) | 1.80 | 0.97-3.35 | 0.06 | |||
| Tracheostomy | 12 (24%) | 10 (10%) | 1.64 | 1.09-2.45 | 0.02 | 2.24 | 1.14-4.38 | 0.02 |
| Bronchofibroscope use | 7 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 72.96 | 0.53-9980.04 | 0.09 | |||
| Central venous catheter insertion | 15 (30%) | 7 (7%) | 4.48 | 1.72-11.67 | 0.00 | 8.15 | 2.31-28.72 | 0.00 |
| Gastric tube insertion | 28 (57%) | 37 (37%) | 1.53 | 1.09-2.16 | 0.01 | |||
| Wound drainage tube use | 18 (36%) | 27 (27%) | 1.46 | 0.93-2.29 | 0.09 | |||
| Underlying disorder | ||||||||
| Central nervous diseases | 17 (34%) | 35 (35%) | 0.96 | 0.47-1.96 | 0.52 | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 7 (14%) | 18 (18%) | 0.74 | 0.28-1.92 | 0.35 | |||
| Circulatory diseases | 11 (22%) | 24 (24%) | 0.89 | 0.39-2.01 | 0.48 | |||
| Endocrine diseases | 7 (14%) | 11 (11%) | 1.32 | 0.48-3.64 | 0.39 | |||
| Hematological diseases | 3 (6%) | 7 (7%) | 0.85 | 0.21-3.43 | 0.56 | |||
| Digestive system diseases | 9 (18%) | 23 (23%) | 0.73 | 0.31-1.74 | 0.31 | |||
| Urinary system diseases | 11 (36%) | 8 (27%) | 3.61 | 1.23-10.61 | 0.02 | 16.69 | 3.01-89.76 | 0.00 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 3 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 1.21 | 0.28-5.30 | 0.54 | |||
| Burn | 10 (20%) | 10 (10%) | 2.26 | 0.87-5.86 | 0.08 | |||
| Antimicrobials agents exposure | ||||||||
| Cephalosporins a | 36 (73%) | 52 (53%) | 2.45 | 1.16-5.18 | 0.01 | |||
| Carbapenemsb | 19 (38%) | 19 (19%) | 1.91 | 1.19-3.04 | 0.01 | |||
| Antifungal agentsc | 17 (35%) | 9 (9%) | 1.63 | 1.15-2.32 | 0.01 | |||
| Anti-anaerobic agentsd | 2 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 1.34 | 0.22-8.34 | 0.54 | |||
| Glycopeptidese and Oxazolidinones | 13 (26%) | 10 (10%) | 1.73 | 1.08-2.78 | 0.02 | |||
| Relative laboratory results | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin | 104 ± 26 | 114 ± 26 | 1.71 | 1.13-2.59 | 0.01 | 2.83 | 1.46-5.50 | 0.00 |
| Serum creatinine | 116 ± 151 | 115 ± 25 | 2.85 | 0.85-9.60 | 0.09 | |||
| Blood albumin | 32 ± 7 | 36 ± 7 | 1.65 | 1.05-2.57 | 0.03 | |||
| Blood glucose | 9 ± 7 | 6 ± 3 | 2.59 | 1.16-5.77 | 0.02 | 7.01 | 1.89-26.02 | 0.00 |
NOTE. Categorical variables are no/total no (%), and continuous variables are mean ± SD.CI:confidence interval, OR:odds ratio
a Cephalosporins include First, second, third and fourth generation cephalosporins
bCarbapenems include imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem
cAntifungal agents include metronidazole and tinidazole
dAnti-anaerobic agents include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin
eGlycopeptides include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and norvancomycin