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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Compr Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;6(4):1801–1850. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c160002

Figure 19.

Figure 19

Upper airway muscle activity changes across sleep-wake states have different patterns in healthy subjects and OSA subjects with anatomically compromised upper airway. The graph compares measurements obtained from recordings of sternohyoid muscle activity in English bulldogs, who present with OSA (especially during REM sleep), and in normal dogs (beagles). During wakefulness, sternohyoid EMG is higher in English bulldogs than in beagles. Furthermore, whereas in bulldogs sternohyoid EMG steadily declines from wakefulness to NREM sleep and then REM sleep, in beagles, there is a decline between wakefulness and NREM sleep and then an increase during REM sleep. The increase during REM sleep is similar to that in rats (315, 316, 340), other healthy dogs (455), cats (437), and healthy humans (91, 278). (Graphical representation of numerical data in Ref. 191 published as Fig. 3B in Ref. 270 and republished with permission from Informa Healthcare, a member of the Taylor and Francis Group, obtained via the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.)