Table 6.

Multivariable Models of Potential Risk Factors for Time to Death After Release for All-Cause, Nonoverdose, Overdose, and Opioid-Related Deaths

Variable	Adjusted HR (95% CI)
	All-Cause	Causes Other Than Overdose	Overdose	Opioid-Related
Age*
Months 0–1 after release	1.67 (1.46–1.91)	1.79 (1.46–2.20)	1.58 (1.33–1.88)	1.71 (1.36–2.15)
Months 2–12 after release	1.71 (1.59–1.84)	1.77 (1.63–1.93)	1.53 (1.35–1.74)	1.53 (1.28–1.83)
Months 13 or more after release	1.94 (1.86–2.03)	2.03 (1.93–2.13)	1.56 (1.42–1.72)	1.57 (1.41–1.75)
Sex
Male	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Female	0.85 (0.75–0.95)	0.70 (0.60–0.80)	1.38 (1.12–1.69)	1.39 (1.09–1.79)
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
African American, non-Hispanic	0.82 (0.74–0.91)	0.93 (0.82–1.04)	0.53 (0.41–0.68)	0.32 (0.22–0.47)
Hispanic	0.65 (0.56–0.76)	0.74 (0.62–0.88)	0.38 (0.25–0.57)	0.30 (0.17–0.51)
Asian, non-Hispanic	0.61 (0.42–0.88)	0.80 (0.55–1.17)	0.08 (0.01–0.56)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)
Other	1.02 (0.84–1.25)	1.16 (0.93–1.46)	0.64 (0.40–1.03)	0.85 (0.51–1.40)
Type of incarceration
Standard incarceration	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Incarceration due to violation of terms of community supervision	1.28 (1.15–1.42)	1.27 (1.13–1.43)	1.24 (0.96–1.60)	1.16 (0.85–1.58)
Length of incarceration†	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.91 (0.84–1.00)	0.93 (0.84–1.03)
Release type
With community supervision	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Without community supervision	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	1.11 (0.98–1.25)	1.21 (0.96–1.52)	1.10 (0.83–1.47)
Other	0.77 (0.56–1.08)	0.73 (0.50–1.07)	0.92 (0.49–1.75)	1.14 (0.56–2.30)
Calendar year of release
1999	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
2000	1.08 (0.88–1.34)	1.11 (0.88–1.41)	0.96 (0.59–1.57)	1.08 (0.58–2.03)
2001	1.07 (0.86–1.32)	1.11 (0.87–1.40)	0.92 (0.57–1.51)	1.04 (0.55–1.97)
2002	0.95 (0.76–1.18)	0.94 (0.73–1.20)	0.98 (0.61–1.57)	1.08 (0.58–2.01)
2003	0.95 (0.77–1.18)	0.98 (0.77–1.25)	0.85 (0.53–1.37)	1.10 (0.59–2.04)
2004	0.92 (0.74–1.14)	0.93 (0.73–1.19)	0.87 (0.54–1.39)	1.22 (0.67–2.23)
2005	0.90 (0.72–1.12)	0.92 (0.71–1.18)	0.82 (0.51–1.33)	1.04 (0.56–1.94)
2006	0.85 (0.67–1.06)	0.91 (0.70–1.17)	0.66 (0.41–1.08)	0.98 (0.53–1.81)
2007	0.69 (0.54–0.88)	0.69 (0.52–0.91)	0.67 (0.40–1.11)	0.84 (0.43–1.62)
2008	0.88 (0.68–1.12)	0.85 (0.63–1.13)	0.91 (0.55–1.51)	1.19 (0.62–2.28)
2009	0.80 (0.59–1.08)	0.81 (0.57–1.16)	0.74 (0.41–1.32)	1.20 (0.58–2.48)

HR = hazard ratio.

^*Each decade increase in age was associated with an increased risk for all-cause death during the first month after release and a greater increase in subsequent months.

^†Increasing length of incarceration was associated with a small but statistically significant reduction in the risk for all-cause and overdose deaths.