Table 3.

Criteria to determine clinical usefulness of candidate biomarkers

Noninvasive – utilising easily accessible sample Provide more information than the currently criteria Rapid results with high sensitivity and specificity for AKI preferably on automated platforms Cut-off values distinguishing between normal and abnormal renal function Differentiate AKI subtypes (pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal) Differentiate between AKI and CKD Differentiate AKI from other causes of Acute kidney disease (UTI, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis) Identify AKI aetiology (toxic, ischaemic, septic or combinations) To be specific for renal injury in the presence of co-morbidities To predict and quantify the severity of renal disease To allow an accurate estimation of the onset of renal injury To guide therapy and monitor response to interventions To monitor the course of AKI To aid prognosis i.e. recovery, the need for RRT, mortality