Fig. 5.

Effect of epicatechin on mitochondria in mouse cultured proximal tubular cells. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase is measured by a reduction of MTT to formazan at 8 h (A). In the same condition, DNA content was measured (B). Released cytochrome c into cytoplasmic fraction separated from mitochondrial fraction was detected by Western blotting (C). Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by JC-1 Mitochondrial Potential Sensor assay (D). Data are expressed as the ratio of red to green fluorescence. Western blots for p53 and phosphorylated p53 and its quantification are shown (E). Western blots for cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and phosphorylated (activated) CDK2 (F) and ERK and phosphorylated-ERK (G) are also shown.