Table 1.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate co-polymer production by co-metabolism of diverse substrates by gram-negative microorganism
| Organism | Substrate | Homo-polymers | Co-polymer | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHB | Type | Ratio mol (%) |
Yield (% DCM) | ||||
| mol (%) | Yield (% DCM) | ||||||
| Alcaligenes eutrophus | Glucose + (NH4)2SO4 | 100 | 78 | – | – | – | [16] |
| Ralstonia eutropha PHB-4 | Gluconate + octanoate | 100 | 40.89 | – | – | – | [18] |
| R. eutropha | Glycerol + caesin hydrolysate (CH) | 100 | 50 | – | – | – | [13] |
| Cupriavidus necator H16 | Palm kernel oil + propionic acid (PA) | – | – | P(3HB-3HV-3HHx) | 93:0:7 | 55.5 | [25] |
| Palm kernel oil + valeric acid (VA) | – | – | P(3HB-3HV-3HHx) | 89:6:5 | 52.3 | ||
| C. necator DSM545 | Glucose + VA | 100 | 64.5 | – | – | – | [33] |
| FAME + VA | – | – | P(3HB-3HV) | 4.3 | 63.4 | ||
| C. necator DSM7237 | Glycerol + sunflower meal + levulinic acid | 27 g/L | 72.9 | P(3HB-3HV) | 22.5 | 66.4 | [35] |
| C. necator | Crude glycerol + rapeseed meal | – | – | P(3HB-3HV) | 2.8−8:55.6 | NA | [32] |
| Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020 | γ-butyrolactone | – | – | P(3HB-4HB) | NA | 52.4 | [23] |
| Pseudomonas pseudoflava | Glucose + xylose | 100 | 22 | – | – | – | [10] |
| P. putida KTOY06 | Dodecanoate + gluconate | – | – | P(3HD-3HDD-3HO- 3HHx) | NA | 84.3 | [19] |
| P. putida KT2440 | Glucose + nonanoic acid | 100 | 75 | – | NA | NA | [21] |
| Burkholderia + Acidobacteria | Acetic acid (AA) + PA | 100 | NA | P(3HB-3HV) | 0–74 | NA | [34] |
| Aeromonas hydrophila CQ4 | Dodecanoate + gluconoate | – | – | P(3HB-3HHx) | 44.67 | [20] | |
| A. hydrophila 4AK4 | Dodecanoate + PA | – | – | P(3HB-3HV-3HHx) | NA | 37.2 | [22] |
| Lauric acid + 1,4-butanediol | – | – | P(3HB-4HB—3HHx) | NA | 23.6 | [28] | |
| Azotobacter sp. | Glucose (5 % w/v) + FP (Fish peptone) | 100 | 85 | – | – | – | [11] |
| Glucose (3 % w/v) + FP + NH4Cl | 100 | 74 | – | – | – | ||
| Glucose (3 % w/v) + FP | 100 | 79 | – | – | – | ||
| A. vinelandii UWD | – | – | P(3HB-3HV) | 4.3 | 58.3 | [12] | |
| Comamonas acidovorans | Glucose + 1,4-butanediol | 100 | 53 | P(4HB) | 0–96 | 40 | [15] |
| Haloferax mediterranei | Rice bran + corn starch (1:8) | 100 | 55.6 | – | – | – | [17] |
| Wheat bran + Corn Starch (1:2) | 100 | 40.2 | – | – | – | ||
| Methylobacterium rhodesianum | Glycerol + CH + Casamino acids | 100 | 65 | – | – | – | [13] |
| E. coli JM109 | Glucose | – | – | P(3HHx-3HO) | NA | 54.0 | [27] |
| Azohydromonas australica | Sucrose + Nitrogen | 100 | 77.0 | – | – | – | [31] |
| Mixed culture | AA + PA + Lactic acid | – | – | P(3HB-3HV) | 31 | NA | [14] |
| Mixed culture | Fermented molasses (VFAs) | 100 | 65 | P(3HB-3HV) | 13 | 30 | [30] |
| Mixed culture | AA + PA | 100 | 78 | P(3HB-3HV) | 15–20 | NA | [26] |
| Mixed culture (Waste activated sludge) | AA + Glucose | 100 | 30 | P(3HB-3HV) | 3.1 | NA | [27] |
| AA + Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | 100 | 29.1 | P(3HB-3HV) | 2.7 | NA | ||
| AA + Glucose + BSA | 100 | 30.8 | P(3HB-3HV) | 3.7 | NA | ||
| Mixed culture (Activated sludge) | VFAs (AA + PA + VA + butyrate) | 100 | 31–47 | P(3HB-3HV) | 53–69 | 48 | [24] |
a Not applicable NA Not available
PHA Polyhydroxyalkanoae
PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate
3HB 3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3HV 3-Hydroxyvaleric acid
4HB 4-Hydroxybutyric acid
3HO 3-Hydroxyoctanoate
3HHx 3-Hydroxyhexenoate
6HHx 6Hydroxyhexanoate
3HD 3-Hydroxydecanoate
3HDD 3Hydroxydodecanoate