Table 2.
Gender-specific childhood bladder and bowel dysfunctions between healthcare setting (physicians’ diagnosis)
| Gender | Total | 1-HC | 2-HC | 3-HC | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1748 | n = 731 | n = 906 | n = 111 | |||
| (41.8) | (51.9) | (6.4) | ||||
| Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunctions (physicians’ diagnoses) | ||||||
| Daytime urinary incontinence | B versus Gb | 0.65 | ||||
| boys | 229 (35.0) | 138 (36.0) | 147 (35.5) | 14 (24.1) | 0.20 | |
| girls | 303 (33.9) | 136 (39.4) | 149 (30.2) | 18 (32.7) | 0.022* | |
| Constipation | B versus Gb | <0.001* | ||||
| boys | 225 (26.3) | 56 (14.5) | 149 (36.0) | 20 (35.7) | <0.001* | |
| girls | 324 (36.6) | 108 (31.3) | 192 (38.9) | 24 (43.6) | 0.039* | |
| Enuresis | B versus Gb | <0.001* | ||||
| boys | 320 (37.4) | 160 (41.6) | 147 (35.5) | 13 (23.2) | 0.016* | |
| girls | 173 (19.4) | 83 (24.1) | 82 (16.6) | 8 (14.5) | 0.018* | |
| Fecal incontinence | B versus Gb | <0.001* | ||||
| boys | 232 (27.1) | 104 (27.0) | 113 (27.3) | 15 (26.8) | 0.048* | |
| girls | 130 (14.6) | 56 (16.2) | 65 (13.2) | 9 (16.4) | 0.22 | |
| Increased voiding frequency | B versus Gb | 0.51 | ||||
| boys | 136 (15.9) | 56 (14.6) | 74 (17.9) | 6 (10.3) | 0.23 | |
| girls | 131 (14.7) | 58 (16.8) | 67 (13.6) | 6 (10.9) | 0.32 | |
| Urinary tract infections | B versus Gb | <0.001* | ||||
| boys | 18 (2.1) | 6 (1.6) | 11 (2.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.63 | |
| girls | 192 (21.5) | 42(12.2) | 131(26.6) | 19 (34.5) | <0.001* | |
| Abdominal pain | B versus Gb | <0.001* | ||||
| boys | 167 (19.5) | 61 (15.9) | 93 (22.5) | 13 (22.4) | 0.056 | |
| girls | 290 (32.5) | 102 (29.6) | 166 (33.7) | 22 (40.0) | 0.22 | |
| Withholding behavior | B versus Gb | 0.71 | ||||
| boys | 234 (27.4) | 121 (31.4) | 102 (24.6) | 11 (19.6) | 0.040* | |
| girls | 252 (28.2) | 124 (35.9) | 110 (22.3) | 18 (32.7) | <0.001* | |
| At least one bladder dysfunction | B versus Gb | 0.32 | ||||
| boys | 554 (64.8) | 265 (68.8) | 260 (62.8) | 29 (51.8) | 0.022* | |
| girls | 568 (63.6) | 222 (64.3) | 312 (63.3) | 34 (61.8) | 0.91 | |
| At least one bowel dysfunction | B versus Gb | 1.0 | ||||
| boys | 388 (45.4) | 142 (36.9) | 214 (51.7) | 32 (56.9) | <0.001* | |
| girls | 405 (45.4) | 145 (42.0) | 231 (46.9) | 29 (52.7) | 0.20 | |
| Both, bladder and bowel dysfunction | B versus Gb | 0.76 | ||||
| boys | 160 (18.7) | 63 (16.4) | 88 (21.3) | 9 (16.1) | 0.18 | |
| girls | 161 (18.0) | 54 (15.7) | 95 (19.3) | 12 (21.8) | 0.30 | |
HC healthcare setting (1 primary; 2 secondary; 3 tertiary). Data are presented as number (n) and percentage (%)
aPearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test
bB versus G; boys versus girls between healthcare settings
*Significant at the P < 0.05 level