Table 3.
Childhood bladder and bowel dysfunctions (parent-reported) between HC-settings
| Total | 1-HC | 2-HC | 3-HC | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1748 | n = 730 | n = 907 | n = 111 | ||
| Items of the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaireb | |||||
| 1 Passes urine more than 8 times during the day | 676 (38.7) | 289 (39.6) | 355 (39.1) | 32 (28.8) | 0.087 |
| 2 Wets underwear and /or outer clothing during the day | 859 (49.1) | 383 (52.5) | 430 (47.4) | 46 (41.4) | 0.031* |
| 3 Loses some drops of urine immediately after urinating has finished | 684 (39.1) | 302 (41.4) | 347 (38.3) | 35 (31.5) | 0.40 |
| 4 Loses urine within the hour after urinating has finished | 518 (29.6) | 225 (30.8) | 267 (29.4) | 26 (23.4) | 0.28 |
| 5 Seems to ignore the urge to urinate | 927 (53.0) | 407 (55.8) | 473 (52.1) | 47 (42.3) | 0.023* |
| 6 Uses tricks to stay dry, like wriggling or forcefully crossing the legs | 597 (34.2) | 261 (35.8) | 303 (33.4) | 33 (29.7) | 0.36 |
| 7 Experiences a sudden uncontrollable urge to urinate | 989 (56.6) | 422 (57.8) | 510 (56.2) | 57 (51.4) | 0.42 |
| 8 Postpones first urination in the morning | 505 (28.9) | 203 (27.8) | 268 (29.5) | 34 (30.6) | 0.68 |
| 9 Wets the bed or diaper during sleeping periods | 742 (42.4) | 339 (46.4) | 362 (39.9) | 41 (36.9) | 0.014* |
| 10 Wakes up at night to urinate | 353 (20.2) | 128 (17.5) | 203 (22.4) | 22 (19.8) | 0.052 |
| 11 Has two or fewer bowel movements per week | 373 (21.4) | 169 (23.2) | 176 (19.4) | 28 (25.2) | 0.11 |
| 12 Stains or soils the underwear with stools | 778 (44.5) | 335 (45.9) | 385 (42.4) | 58 (52.3) | 0.09* |
| 13 Has hard stools or painful bowel movements | 414 (23.7) | 150 (20.5) | 232 (25.6) | 32 (28.8) | 0.025* |
| 14 Has large amounts of stool (that may obstruct the toilet) | 345 (19.7) | 147 (20.1) | 168 (18.5) | 30 (27.0) | 0.10 |
| 15 Postpones bowel movements | 616 (35.2) | 292 (40.0) | 286 (31.5) | 38 (34.2) | 0.002* |
| 16 Experiences a sudden uncontrollable urge to defecate | 763 (43.7) | 326 (44.7) | 389 (42.9) | 48 (43.6) | 0.77 |
| 17 Has abdominal pain | 699 (40.1) | 270 (37.1) | 383 (42.3) | 46 (41.4) | 0.10 |
| 18 Has a bloated belly | 415 (23.7) | 157 (21.5) | 214 (23.6) | 44 (39.6) | <0.001* |
| At least one bladder symptom | 1566 (89.6) | 668 (91.5) | 805 (88.8) | 93 (83.8) | 0.023* |
| At least one bowel symptom | 1404 (80.3) | 589 (80.7) | 722 (79.6) | 93 (83.8) | 0.55 |
| Combined bladder and bowel symptom | 1266 (72.4) | 539 (73.8) | 647 (71.3) | 80 (72.1) | 0.53 |
HC healthcare setting (1 primary, 2 secondary, 3 tertiary). Data are presented as number (n) and percentage (%)
aPearson’s chi-square
bLikert scale for symptoms on all items are (never–(nearly) every day) dichotomized: “Never or once in the past month” classified as “non-symptomatic” (no); “more than once in the past month to (nearly) every day in the past month” classified as “symptomatic” (yes). Missing items were imputed as “non-symptomatic”
*Significant at the P < 0 05 level