Table 3.
Ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and control among those with diabetes by sex, adjusted for age.
| Awareness (among all DM cases)¥ | Medical treatment (among all DM cases)¥ | Medical treatment (among those aware) | Control of HbA1c levels (among those medically treated) $ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Men | ||||||||||||
| Dutch | 63/105 | 60.0 | Ref | 44/105 | 41.9 | Ref | 44/63 | 69.8 | Ref | 29/43 | 67.4 | Ref |
| SA Sur | 239/291 | 82.1 | 3.8 (2.3–6.2)∗ | 212/293 | 72.4 | 4.8 (3.0–7.9)∗ | 199/239 | 83.3 | 2.6 (1.4–5.1)∗ | 80/208 | 38.5 | 0.3 (0.2–0.6)∗ |
| African Sur | 130/183 | 71.0 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1)∗ | 112/183 | 61.2 | 2.6 (1.6–4.3)∗ | 107/130 | 82.3 | 2.3 (1.1–4.6)∗ | 48/109 | 44.0 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8)∗ |
| Ghanaian | 110/132 | 83.3 | 4.8 (2.6–9.0)∗ | 69/134 | 51.5 | 2.3 (1.4–4.0)∗ | 63/110 | 57.3 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 31/68 | 45.6 | 0.4 (0.2–1.0)∗ |
| Turks | 134/182 | 73.6 | 2.7 (1.6–4.7)∗ | 100/183 | 54.6 | 2.8 (1.7–4.7)∗ | 94/134 | 70.1 | 1.5 (0.8–3.0) | 37/99 | 37.4 | 0.3 (0.1–0.7)∗ |
| Moroccan | 147/181 | 81.2 | 3.7 (2.1–6.5)∗ | 107/181 | 59.8 | 2.8 (1.7–4.6)∗ | 104/147 | 70.7 | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | 41/107 | 38.3 | 0.3 (0.2–0.7)∗ |
| Women | ||||||||||||
| Dutch | 46/58 | 79.3 | Ref | 34/58 | 58.6 | Ref | 32/46 | 69.6 | Ref | 16/34 | 47.1 | Ref |
| SA Sur | 264/295 | 89.5 | 2.9 (1.4–6.3)∗ | 219/296 | 74.0 | 2.9 (1.6–5.2)∗ | 202/264 | 76.5 | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | 83/217 | 38.2 | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) |
| African Sur | 262/301 | 87.0 | 2.1 (1.0–4.5)∗ | 239/303 | 78.9 | 3.5 (1.9–6.3)∗ | 225/262 | 85.9 | 3.5 (1.7–7.3)∗ | 119/234 | 50.9 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
| Ghanaian | 106/136 | 77.9 | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | 91/136 | 66.9 | 2.4 (1.2–4.7)∗ | 79/106 | 74.5 | 2.1 (1.0–4.7) | 47/87 | 54.0 | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) |
| Turks | 157/182 | 86.3 | 2.4 (1.1–5.4)∗ | 116/183 | 63.4 | 2.0 (1.1–3.8)∗ | 104/157 | 66.2 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | 43/112 | 38.4 | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) |
| Moroccan | 220/257 | 85.6 | 2.2 (1.0–4.6)∗ | 172/258 | 66.7 | 2.1 (1.2–3.9)∗ | 160/220 | 72.7 | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) | 80/170 | 52.9 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) |
DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI confidence interval; SA Sur, South-Asian Surinamese; African Sur, African Surinamese.
Awareness: those with diabetes who self-reported to have been diagnosed with diabetes; Medical treatment: those who take glucose-lowering medication; Control: those taking glucose-lowering medication who have HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%).
∗ p < 0.05.
¥Number of all DM cases (denominator) may slightly differ due to a few missing cases on awareness.
$Number of medically treated participants (denominator) may vary due to few missing glucose or HbA1c levels.