Enzyme-powered micro-
and nanomotors. (A) Bubble propulsion of
(a) tubular microjet and (b) Janus mesoporous cluster motor modified
with catalase. (B) Self-propulsion of Janus hollow mesoporous nanomotors
powered by various enzymes, catalase, urease, and glucose oxidase
(GOx). (C) Urease powered hollow capsule: (a) motion control by manipulating
the enzymatic activity, (b) “on”/“off”
motion control by addition of inhibitor and DTT, and (c) repeated
motion control up to 8 cycles. Panel A, part a, reproduced with permission
from ref (37). Copyright
2010 American Chemical Society. Panel A, part b, reprinted with permission
from ref (56). Copyright
2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. Panel B reproduced with permission
from ref (57). Copyright
2015 American Chemical Society. Panel C reprinted with permission
from ref (58). Copyright
2016 American Chemical Society.