Table 1. Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of participants.
| Variable | Prevalence, n (%) | ||
| Controls, n=412 | Cases not treated, n=302 | Cases treated, n=148 | |
| Age, mean ± SD | 42.1 ± 13.5 | 46.1 ± 13.3 a | 56.0 ± 13.8 a |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 249 (60.4) | 208 (68.9) a | 69 (46.6) a |
| Female | 163 (39.6) | 94 (31.1) | 79 (53.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean ± SD | 122.5 ± 11.3 | 152.6 ± 17.6 a | 149.4 ± 20.5 a |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean ± SD | 78.0 ± 7.8 | 97.1 ± 10.9 a | 92.2 ± 13.8 a |
| Education | |||
| < Primary/none | 46 (11.2) | 26 (8.6) | 13 (8.8) |
| Primary completed | 99 (24.2) | 66 (21.9) | 30 (20.3) |
| ≥ Secondary completed | 265 (64.6) | 209 (69.5) | 105 (70.9) |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married/widowed/divorced | 158 (38.3) | 94 (31.2) | 60 (40.5) |
| Currently married | 254 (61.7) | 207 (68.8) | 88 (59.5) |
| Car ownership | |||
| No | 339 (82.5) | 235 (77.8) | 96 (66.2) a |
| Yes | 72 (17.5) | 67 (22.2) | 49 (33.8) |
| Flush toilet ownership | |||
| No | 278 (67.6) | 200 (66.7) | 79 (54.1) a |
| Yes | 133 (32.4) | 100 (33.3) | 67 (45.9) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 370 (91.4) | 256 (84.8) a | 133 (89.9) |
| Current (any smoking in past 12 months) | 13 (3.2) | 14 (4.6) | 2 (1.4) |
| Former (quit > 12 months ago) | 22 (5.4) | 32 (10.6) | 13 (8.7) |
| Physical activity - work | |||
| Moderate/vigorous ≤ 4 hours/week | 243 (59.6) | 204 (68.7) a | 110 (76.9) a |
| Moderate/vigorous > 4 hours/week | 165 (40.4) | 93 (31.3) | 33 (23.1) |
| Physical activity - leisure | |||
| Moderate/vigorous ≤ 4 hours/week | 374 (91.0) | 278 (92.1) | 142 (95.9) |
| Moderate/vigorous > 4 hours/week | 37 (9.0) | 24 (7.9) | 6 (4.1) |
a. P<.05 compared with controls, chi-square test or t-test (see Methods section)