Table 1. Studies linking maternal obesity with offspring asthma.

Study	Population	Sample Size & Age	Country	Major Findings
Dumas, et al. Allergy 2016 – in press	Analyses of children of participants in the Nurses' Health Study II. Physician-diagnosed asthma and allergies were assessed by questionnaires.	n=12,963 children aged 9-14 years	USA	Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.38) and obesity (1.34, 1.08-1.68) associated with asthma in offspring. Gestational weight gains (GWG) of <15 lb and higher risk of offspring asthma (1.28, 0.98-1.66)
Pike, et al. Thorax 2013; 68: 372-379.	Mothers and children from the Southampton Women’s Survey. Childhood follow-up visits occurred at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Skin prick tests at 6 years.	n=940 children with data in the first 6 years	UK	Greater maternal BMI and fat mass associated with increased transient wheeze (relative risk (RR) 1.08 per 5 kg/m2, p=0.006; RR 1.09 per 10 kg, p=0.003), but not with persistent wheeze or asthma. Maternal adiposity not associated with offspring atopy, exhaled nitric oxide.
Guerra, et al. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013;27: 100-108.	Multicentre longitudinal population-based study using two INMA birth cohorts in Sabadell/Gipuzkoa. Wheeze data obtained through interviewer-administered parental questionnaires.	n=1107 mother–child pairs assessed up to 14 months	Spain	Maternal prepregnancy obesity increased risk of frequent [RR 4.18, 95% CI 1.55, 11.3] but not infrequent (RR 1.05 [95% CI 0.55, 2.01]) wheezing in their children. Children of obese mothers more likely to have frequent wheezing than children of normal-weight mothers (11.8% vs. 3.8%; P = 0.002).
Harpsoe, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:1033-1040.	Mother-child pairs from the Danish National Birth Cohort with information from the 16th week of pregnancy and at age 6 months, 18 months, and 7 years of the child	n=38,874 mother-child pairs assessed up to 14 months	Denmark	Maternal prepregnant BMI>/=35 (adjusted OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 0.95-3.68) and GWG>/=25 kg (adjusted OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.38-2.83) were associated with current severe asthma at age 7 years. Maternal BMI and GWG were not associated with eczema or hay fever.
Watson, et al. Maternal Child Health 2013; 17: 959-967.	Prospective study of European & Polynesians from northern New Zealand. Home assessments in pregnancy & age 18 months.	n = 369 18 month old infants	New Zealand	Changes in subcutaneous fat during pregnancy are associated with prevalence of infant wheeze. Wheeze prevalence was 19.2% where the difference in mothers' skinfolds between months 4 and 7 decreased by ≥10 mm and 41.7% where the difference increased by ≥10 mm.
Patel, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66: 809-814.	Adolescents born within the prospective 1986 Northern Finland Birth Cohort	n=6945 adolescents assessed for asthma symptoms age 15-16 yrs	Finland	High maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was a significant predictor of wheeze in the adolescents (increase per kilogram per square metre unit; 2.8%, 95% CI 0.5 to 5.1 for wheeze ever; and 4.7%, 95% CI 1.9 to 7.7 for current wheeze).
Lowe, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128: 1107-1109.	Data linkage of Swedish national registers: Swedish Medical Birth Registry, Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and Swedish Inpatient Registry. Asthma medication use from ages 6 to 8 years and 8 to 10 years	n=89,783 children born to 129,239 mothers in Stockholm between 1998 and 2009.	Sweden	Higher maternal BMI was consistently associated with an increased risk of asthma in the child, both in terms of medicine use and hospitalization. Risk of asthma medication use increased for Maternal BMI of 30-34.9 (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.68) and Maternal BMI of ≥35 (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.15-2.15)
Scholtens, et al. Int J Obes 2010; 34: 606-613.	Birth cohort participating in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) study, with sensitization and bronchial hyperresponsiveness determined at 8 years	n=3963 children and their mothers	Netherlands	Maternal overweight before pregnancy increased risk of childhood asthma at 8 years (OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.05-2.18) in children with atopic heredity. No association was observed in children without a predisposition (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.60-1.23). There was no association with sensitization or BHR.
Kumar, et al. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2010;23: 183-190.	Boston Birth Cohort (started in 1998) followed prospectively to a mean age of 3.0 +/- 2.4 years with study visits aligned with the pediatric primary care schedule.	n=1,191 children	USA	Children of obese mothers had an increased risk of recurrent wheezing (OR, 95% confidence interval: 3.51, 1.68-7.32). In contrast, maternal obesity was not associated with eczema or food allergy
Haberg, et al. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2009;23: 352-362.	Population-based cohort study: Norwegian Mother and Child Study (MoBa).	n=33,192 children, born between 1999 and 2005	Norway	The risk of wheeze increased linearly with maternal BMI in pregnancy, and was 3.3% higher [95% CI 1.2, 5.3] for children with mothers who were obese during pregnancy, than for children of mothers with normal BMI.
Reichman, et al. Matern Child Health 2008 12: 725-733.	Population-based sample of children born in large U.S. cities in 1998-2000. Main outcome: maternal reported diagnosis of asthma in child by 3 years.	n=1971	USA	Children with obese mothers had 52% higher odds of having an asthma diagnosis by age 3 (OR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.18-1.93).