Table 1.

Characteristics of the traditional classroom, the FC, and the undergraduate medical education FC based on studies from this review

	Phase 1 – content orientation	Phase 2 – application of knowledge
Traditional classroom
Students: passive learners Teachers: Sage on the Stage	Classrooms are dedicated to lecture-based teacher-centered activities	Students may apply knowledge from prior lectures to “homework assignments” (independent application, outside the context of peer or faculty interaction)
Flipped classroom
Students: active learners Teachers: Guide on the Side, facilitating student inquiry	Through “homework”, students are introduced to basic content via online resources	Classrooms can now be dedicated to creating active learning environments that foster deeper learning. Students may tackle more challenging concepts in the context of working with their peers and with access to faculty
Undergraduate medical education FC
Elements utilized in medical education FCs from reviewed studies	Lecture videos, podcasts, formative quizzes, e-learning modules	CBL, TBL, PBL, small group discussions

Abbreviations: FC, flipped classroom; CBL, case-based learning; TBL, team-based learning; PBL, problem-based learning.