(A) HC-030031 was injected two times, once on postoperative day (POD) 0 and POD 1. The results are presented as mean and SEM for six rats in each group. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (interaction factor: F24, 160 = 3.026, P < 0.0001) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test for comparing the mean cumulative pain score at each time point among groups. (B) HC-030031 was injected immediately prior to plantar incision. The results are presented as mean and SEM for eight rats in each group. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (interaction factor: F10, 105 = 2.95, P = 0.0026) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test for comparing the mean cumulative pain score at each time point among groups. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 compared with vehicle-injected rats at each time point.