Table 4.
Signals from Computer-generated Signals, Their Classification as ADEs, and Their PPVs
| Computer-generated Signals | No. of Signals | No. of ADEs | PPV for ADE | No. of Preventable ADEs | PPV for Preventable ADEs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug levels | |||||
| Serum valproate >120 μg/mL | 4 | 2 | 50 | 2 | 50 |
| Serum theophylline >20 μg/mL | 13 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 8 |
| Serum phenobarbital >45 μg/mL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serum phenytoin >20 μg/mL | 66 | 17 | 26 | 11 | 17 |
| Serum cyclosporine >400 ng/L | 3 | 1 | 33 | 0 | 0 |
| Serum digoxin >2.0 ng/mL | 154 | 39 | 25 | 21 | 14 |
| Serum carbamazepine >13.0 μg/mL | 7 | 3 | 43 | 2 | 29 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Serum alkaline phosphatase >350 U/L | 146 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Serum bilirubin >4.0 mg/dL | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serum potassium < 2.9 mmol/L | 77 | 37 | 48 | 21 | 27 |
| Serum potassium >6.0 mmol/L | 139 | 34 | 24 | 14 | 10 |
| Blood eosinophils >9% | 412 | 9 | 2 | 1 | < 1 |
| Serum aspartate aminotransferase >84 U/L | 234 | 11 | 5 | 1 | < 1 |
| Serum alanine aminotransferase >80 U/L | 288 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Serum urea nitrogen >60 mg/dL | 749 | 55 | 7 | 21 | 3 |
| International normalized ratio >5 | 604 | 27 | 4 | 16 | 3 |
| Platelet count < 50,000 μL | 147 | 81 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL | 945 | 26 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
| l-Thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone < 0.3 μU/mL | 449 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Clostridium difficile testing | 347 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Glucocorticoid and hemoglobin A1c >6% | 302 | 33 | 11 | 6 | 2 |
| Antidotes/treatments | |||||
| Prednisone and diphenhydramine | 12 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
| Phytonadione (vitamin K) | 35 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| Sodium polystyrene sulfonate | 69 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| Glucagon | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hydroxyzine and prednisone | 277 | 5 | 2 | 1 | < 1 |
| Oral vancomycin | 13 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Nystatin | 812 | 54 | 7 | 1 | < 1 |
| Diagnoses (ICD-9 codes) | |||||
| Poisoning by | |||||
| Psychotropic agents | 8 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 13 |
| Analgesics and antipyretics | 15 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 13 |
| Agents that affect blood | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hormones and synthetics | 4 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| Anticonvulants/antiparkinsonian drugs | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sedatives and hypnotics | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Central nervous system stimulants | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular drugs | 54 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 7 |
| Gastrointestinal drugs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Water, minerals, etc. | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Muscle drugs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other drugs | 22 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| Late effect of drugs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dermatitis due to substances taken internally | 64 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| Allergic contact dermatitis | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Drug neuropathy | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Urticaria due to drug | 57 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Aspirin-induced gastritis | 252 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Urticaria, contact | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |